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Questions and Answers
What was the primary aim of the Indian nationalism movement during the British Raj?
What was the primary aim of the Indian nationalism movement during the British Raj?
Which movement did Mahatma Gandhi launch against the Rowlatt Act in 1919?
Which movement did Mahatma Gandhi launch against the Rowlatt Act in 1919?
What was a significant economic impact on India after the First World War?
What was a significant economic impact on India after the First World War?
How did different social groups contribute to Indian nationalism?
How did different social groups contribute to Indian nationalism?
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Where did Mahatma Gandhi first implement the Satyagraha movement in India?
Where did Mahatma Gandhi first implement the Satyagraha movement in India?
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What was the purpose of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What was the purpose of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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Which of the following events contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism in the late 1910s?
Which of the following events contributed to the rise of Indian nationalism in the late 1910s?
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What did Satyagraha emphasize as a method of struggle?
What did Satyagraha emphasize as a method of struggle?
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What led to Mahatma Gandhi deciding to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931?
What led to Mahatma Gandhi deciding to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931?
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Which social group was not significantly affected by the concept of Swaraj as understood by Mahatma Gandhi?
Which social group was not significantly affected by the concept of Swaraj as understood by Mahatma Gandhi?
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What was a significant impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement on the industrial sector?
What was a significant impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement on the industrial sector?
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What did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar advocate for during the second Round Table Conference?
What did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar advocate for during the second Round Table Conference?
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What symbol became visually associated with the identity of India in the twentieth century?
What symbol became visually associated with the identity of India in the twentieth century?
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Which movement did the poorer peasants largely support instead of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Which movement did the poorer peasants largely support instead of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
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What was the primary purpose of the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress established in 1920?
What was the primary purpose of the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress established in 1920?
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Which artists contributed to the representation of nationalism through cultural works?
Which artists contributed to the representation of nationalism through cultural works?
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What was the outcome of the Poona Pact of September 1932?
What was the outcome of the Poona Pact of September 1932?
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Which elements contributed to the development of a sense of collective belonging among Indians?
Which elements contributed to the development of a sense of collective belonging among Indians?
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What was a primary reason for the British government to implement martial law in India?
What was a primary reason for the British government to implement martial law in India?
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What did General Dyer do during the Jallianwala Bagh incident?
What did General Dyer do during the Jallianwala Bagh incident?
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What was the aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi?
What was the aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi?
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Which event marked the starting point of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Which event marked the starting point of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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What consequence did the Non-Cooperation Movement have on Indian textile production?
What consequence did the Non-Cooperation Movement have on Indian textile production?
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How did the Non-Cooperation Movement affect students and professionals?
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement affect students and professionals?
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What were the peasants in the countryside protesting against during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What were the peasants in the countryside protesting against during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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Who led the revolts in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh?
Who led the revolts in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh?
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What was a key demand presented by Mahatma Gandhi in his letter to Viceroy Irwin?
What was a key demand presented by Mahatma Gandhi in his letter to Viceroy Irwin?
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What was a significant impact of the Simon Commission's arrival in India?
What was a significant impact of the Simon Commission's arrival in India?
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What was declared during the Lahore Congress in December 1929?
What was declared during the Lahore Congress in December 1929?
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What impact did the Non-Cooperation Movement have on the relationship between various social groups?
What impact did the Non-Cooperation Movement have on the relationship between various social groups?
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What action did Mahatma Gandhi take with the Salt March?
What action did Mahatma Gandhi take with the Salt March?
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What was the reaction of plantation workers in Assam towards the Non-Cooperation Movement?
What was the reaction of plantation workers in Assam towards the Non-Cooperation Movement?
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Study Notes
Indian Nationalism
- Indian nationalism emerged during the anti-colonial struggle against British rule.
- The 1920s saw significant movements like Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience.
- The Congress played a key role in shaping the national movement.
- Various social groups participated and contributed to the growing national identity.
First World War Impact
- The First World War created economic and political hardship for Indians.
- Income tax and custom duties increased, leading to hardship for common people.
- Crop failures and epidemics exacerbated the already difficult situation (1918-19).
- These factors prompted a shift in strategies and the rise of new leaders.
Satyagraha
- Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915, introducing the concept of Satyagraha.
- Satyagraha emphasized truth and non-violent resistance, which sought to unite Indians.
- Gandhi used Satyagraha in different parts of India to support various groups facing oppression (Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad).
The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh
- The Rowlatt Act of 1919 empowered the British to repress dissent and detain without trial.
- Gandhi launched a nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act.
- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13, 1919) involved the firing on a peaceful crowd, causing widespread protests. This incident significantly angered the public and led to violence.
The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements
- The First World War's conclusion involved the defeat of Ottoman Turkey, leading to concern about the Khalifa in Muslim communities.
- Gandhi supported the Khilafat movement, aiming to unite Hindus and Muslims.
- The Non-Cooperation movement, supported by the Khilafat movement, sought to discourage cooperation with British rule.
- This was a multi-staged approach, starting with the surrender of titles awarded by the British and boycotts.
Non-Cooperation Movement
- The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
- This movement involved various social groups.
- The movement affected different areas in different ways.
Urban Participation
- Middle class groups (students, teachers, lawyers) played a large role in the urban areas.
- Boycotts of foreign goods boosted Indian industries (textiles).
- However, economic challenges and limited opportunities in Indian institutions caused some to return to British institutions.
Rural Participation
- The movement spread to rural areas with peasant and tribal uprisings.
- Peasants protested against high rents and exploitative practices.
- Movements like the Oudh Kisan Sabha emerged to represent peasant grievances.
- Violent protests against landlords in Awadh (Uttar Pradesh) were common.
- In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement, led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, occurred against forest policies.
Plantation Workers' Participation
- Plantation workers in Assam sought freedom of movement and connection with their villages.
- The Inland Emigration Act restricted their movement.
- Thousands left the plantations, but faced violence and arrest by the police.
Transition to Civil Disobedience
- The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off in 1922 due to a rise in violence.
- The Swaraj Party formed by Das and Nehru aimed to participate in elections.
- The worldwide economic depression and falling agricultural prices impacted Indian politics.
- The Simon Commission's visit in India fuelled nationalistic sentiments ("Go Back Simon").
- The Lahore Congress of 1929 demanded Purna Swaraj (complete independence) and declared January 26, 1930, as Independence Day.
Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement
- The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a pivotal moment.
- Gandhi's protest against the salt tax led to a nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement.
- Participants broke the law by manufacturing salt.
- The campaign impacted different sectors (textiles, revenue, forestry).
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan's arrest further fuelled the movement.
- Gandhi's arrest led to significant unrest.
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931) resulted in Gandhi's agreement to attend a Round Table Conference.
Other Groups and Movements
- Patidars and Jats participated significantly.
- Poorer peasants supported socialist and communist movements alongside the Civil Disobedience movement.
- Industrialists initially supported the Civil Disobedience movement but later some withdrew their support.
- A substantial number of women participated but faced early limitations in leadership roles.
Limits and Challenges
- Dalits faced marginalization, and the concept of Harijan (Children of God) did not address their demands for separate electorates.
- Issues regarding Muslim concerns and demands for separate electorates were prominent.
- A dispute over representation to the Central Assembly and the Muslim-dominated provinces arose.
Development of National Identity
- The concept of 'nationhood' developed and associated with shared history, symbols (songs, folklore, popular prints), and icons.
- 'Bharat Mata' became a powerful visual symbol of India's identity, represented by visuals and songs.
- Various flags and colours associated with the Nationalistic movement emerge (tricolor and spinning wheel).
Conclusion
- The independence movement involved diverse participation and complex dynamics.
- The Congress faced challenges in accommodating many different social groups and interests with diverging needs and intentions.
- India was on the path to freedom, but the diversity and conflicting interests presented challenges to the movement's unification.
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Description
This quiz explores the development of Indian nationalism during the anti-colonial movements against British rule. It covers key concepts such as the impact of the First World War and Gandhi's introduction of Satyagraha as a method of non-violent resistance. Test your knowledge on the significant events and figures that shaped India's national identity.
