Nationalism and Empire in the 19th Century

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Questions and Answers

What was a primary cause of many wars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

Religious conflicts

Economic interests

Nationalism (correct)

Colonial ambitions

How did Britain distinguish itself in the context of imperialism during the late 19th century?

By being the first to end slavery

By promoting democratic governance in colonies

By ruling over one-sixth of the world's territory (correct)

By establishing the largest navy

What was one significant effect of the Panic of 1873?

High unemployment rates (correct)

Increased international trade

Widespread economic prosperity

Reduction of colonial pursuits

What characterized a hegemonic war according to Raymond Aron?

The extent and stakes involved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the accountability of German governments during this period?

Accountable to the kaiser Signup and view all the answers

What reaction did states have to the economic contraction caused by the Panic of 1873?

Curtailing international trade Signup and view all the answers

What legislation was passed in Britain during the 1820s regarding discrimination?

Laws eliminating discrimination against non-Anglican Christians Signup and view all the answers

How did nations respond to the challenges posed by international power dynamics historically?

By engaging in hegemonic wars Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary characteristics of fascism?

Antipathy towards democracy Signup and view all the answers

During which era did nationalism play a dominant role in international politics?

1789-1917 Signup and view all the answers

Which political ideology transformed into modern communism?

Socialism Signup and view all the answers

How did fascists view war?

As glorified and embraced Signup and view all the answers

What did the fascists reject along with democratic ideals?

Communism Signup and view all the answers

What did Lenin criticize European Socialist parties for in 1914?

Their support for military actions Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary conflict during the era from 1917 to 1991?

Ideological struggle Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Uneven Development in Marxist theory?

Disequilibrium can only be resolved by war Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the political stance of Lenin regarding WW1?

It was a cold-blooded capital crime. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the Nazi perspective on internal enemies?

They were blamed for national humiliation. Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Lenin begin studying international relations?

1916 Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a feature associated with the fascist movement?

Champions of free speech Signup and view all the answers

Which political group argued for a war as a defensive necessity during WW1?

Socialist parties Signup and view all the answers

What was the political ideology that fascism opposed?

Socialism Signup and view all the answers

What was a core feature of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)?

Emphasis on class content over ethnic identity Signup and view all the answers

What defines the National Socialist Workers Party of Germany?

A fascist party Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary dimension affecting perceptions of politics and policies, according to Beissinger?

Perception of ownership over practices Signup and view all the answers

How did most Europeans perceive the concept of empire during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

As a positive attribute of power Signup and view all the answers

What did the Third Estate aim to achieve during the French Revolution as stated by Owen and Rosencrance?

To force legal equality and end feudalism Signup and view all the answers

According to Kellas, how did the political meaning of the nation change during the French Revolution?

It became linked to popular sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the decree from the French National Assembly on April 20, 1792?

It invited foreigners to adopt the French cause Signup and view all the answers

What did Nieves state about the Freedmen and their citizenship status?

They became citizens of the Cherokee Nation Signup and view all the answers

What does Kellas suggest about how orthodox French revolutionaries defined the French nation?

In terms of citizenship without ethnic distinctions Signup and view all the answers

According to Lieven, what was the relationship between powerful and weak states viewed during the era of empires?

Weak states faced marginalization or extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Civic Nationalism?

Full political rights for various religious groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of nationalism as described in the content?

Wars of National Unification Signup and view all the answers

Which state passed the first gradual emancipation law in 1780?

Pennsylvania Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes Occidentalism?

It promotes ethnic nationalism over civic nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1789 Declaration of Rights of Man promote?

Universal human rights Signup and view all the answers

What significant anti-slavery event occurred in Philadelphia in 1775?

The first anti-slavery society was established Signup and view all the answers

What was the perspective of some Northerners towards slavery in the 1760s and 1770s?

They believed it contradicted their values of liberty. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key argument made by Marx regarding imperialism in the late 19th century?

It is beneficial as it elevates lower societies to a bourgeois level. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'foundational' refer to in the context of America and slavery?

Racism and slavery are integral to American identity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events exemplifies the concept of secessionism?

The dissolution of the USSR Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'Slavophilism' in the context presented?

An anti-western ideology rooted in traditional values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the struggle against slavery in America?

Anti-slavery sentiments existed alongside pro-slavery beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Which wars are associated with national unification efforts?

Wars of Italian Unification and the Prussian-German War Signup and view all the answers

What vision did Victor Hugo convey regarding France's future?

France needs to unite and reconstitute its strength. Signup and view all the answers

What did Moltke imply about the effects of adjournment on success?

Delays would lessen their chances of success. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the year 1777 in relation to slavery?

Vermont enacted the first constitution to ban adult slavery. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nation-State and Multinational States/Inclusive Nationalism and Occidentalism

Nationalism is a crucial dimension of political perception, considering whether policies are perceived as "ours" or "theirs." Empires are not static but a set of practices shaping perceptions and claims.
Lieven argues that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, empire was viewed positively by many Europeans—except those under imperial rule—as a sign of power in an era of growing disparities between strong and weak states.
Owen and Rosencrance describe the French Revolution, where the Third Estate, representing the French nation, sought to abolish feudalism and establish legal equality in 1789.
Kellas emphasizes that during the French Revolution, the concept of nation expanded to encompass popular sovereignty, meaning the nation actively participated in governance.
Carr discusses the French National Assembly's decree, which welcomed foreigners who sided with France.
Nieves details the French National Assembly's decision in 1792 where they promised foreigners full citizenship for abandoning their enemies.

Occidentalism and Consequences of Nationalism

Beissinger's observation of perception in relation to political policies and acceptance of the same
Hitler believed American civilization was purely mechanized, without mechanization it would disintegrate
Japanese and American relations were not amiable, based on differing sentiments from a cultural perspective
The Japanese transformation from a feudal nation to a modern nation-state was fraught with complexities, with various models being looked at.
Schelling's Naturphilosophie offered a counterpoint to Newtonian views on nature, emphasizing the universe as a living organism with inherent purpose, and society as a living organism governed by collective goals rather than individualistic contracts.
French imperialists promoted liberal values, although imposed by force. This vision transformed existing institutions, promoting equality before the law and meritocracy in governance.

European Imperialism

Official discrimination against non-Anglican Christians and Jews was addressed in the 1820s, and in the coming years, policies prohibiting discrimination against these minority groups were introduced.
Britain's imperial expansion and dominance in international trade and territory were highlighted.
German governments were accountable to the Kaiser, not the people, with suppression of both Catholicism and Socialism.
The Panic of 1873, often referred to as the first Great Depression, triggered a significant global economic contraction.
Financial markets crashed, firms went bankrupt, and unemployment surged, prompting states to adopt protectionist trade policies.

The Origins of World War I

The primary means of resolving power imbalance in the international system throughout history has been war-particularly a war of hegemony.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the trigger of World War I, is documented.
Relevant events and decisions related to the July Crisis, leading to the outbreak of war, are detailed.
The "cult of the offensive" fostered an arms race and created conditions for a war between nations involved.

Impact of World War I and the Socialist Paradigm

Churchill notes the pervasive sense of discontent and desire for upheaval in the aftermath of the war.
Furet argues that World War I surpassed its proximate causes, having a profound and irreversible impact on societal structures and attitudes.
The long-term implications of the war on global politics and societal transformation are noted.
Chernov emphasizes the dehumanizing effect of the war and widespread disregard for human life, which changed the way political leaders approached political goals.
Lenin and the emergence of revolutionary ideologies.

The total war disrupted societies and led to widespread societal issues.
Technology, machine guns, and tanks, changed the dynamics of war.
Nationalism transformed to become fascism and communism which resulted in social upheaval on both sides of the conflict.
Widespread pacifism and socialist movements began which were not supported by all except for the fascists.

Communism, Fascists, Nazis

Fascism emerged from a deep distrust in Democracy.
Fascism in Italy, National Socialism in Germany, believed that war was not something that should have been avoided but instead embraced.
Nazi nationalism was extremely aggressive and totalitarian, with internal enemies targeted.

Eras of Religious Warfare

The period from 1517-1648 was an era of religious conflict impacting European international relations

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Description

Explore the dynamics of nationalism and its impact on perceptions of empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This quiz examines the arguments of Lieven, Kellas, and others regarding the role of the nation-state during key historical moments, such as the French Revolution. Test your understanding of inclusive nationalism and its implications for governance and identity.