Mycobacterial Infections and Tuberculosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis disease?

  • LTBI is caused by non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, while active tuberculosis disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • In LTBI, the patient is infected but does not show signs or symptoms, while in active tuberculosis disease, the patient shows signs and symptoms (correct)
  • The formation of granulomatous lesions occurs only in LTBI, not in active tuberculosis disease
  • LTBI can be treated with antibiotics, while active tuberculosis disease requires pharmacological treatment

    • What is the function of macrophages in the immune response to mycobacterial infections?

  • Macrophages gather around the site of infection, form a circle, and remain inactive
  • Macrophages identify non-tuberculosis mycobacteria and destroy them
  • Macrophages are responsible for bringing the immune system to the site of infection and contributing to the formation of granulomas (correct)
  • Macrophages form granulomas and cause tissue destruction

    • Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating mycobacterial infections?

  • Mycobacteria have a high concentration of mycolic acid membrane, which makes them resistant to antibiotics
  • The structure of mycobacteria has a very low rate of proliferation, making antibiotics less effective
  • The peptidoglycan wall of mycobacteria makes them resistant to antibiotics
  • The slow replication rate of mycobacteria renders them highly resistant to antibiotics (correct)

    • Which chemical classes are important for pharmacological treatment of mycobacterial infections?

    <p>Sulfonamides and Quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause tissue destruction and disease formation?

    <p>It forms granulomas that lead to tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between latent tuberculosis infection and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections?

    <p>NTM infections are caused by Mycobacterium leprae, while LTBI is caused by M. tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are second-line drugs typically used for tuberculosis?

    <p>Because patients with resistant TB can't tolerate first-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using combination therapy in active tuberculosis?

    <p>To improve efficacy and suppress resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment duration for drug-susceptible TB?

    <p>At least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment duration for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?

    <p>About 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is monotherapy not recommended for the treatment of active TB disease?

    <p>It is less effective than combination therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do populations of M.tuberculosis contain small numbers of organisms that are naturally resistant to a particular drug?

    <p>Because they are naturally immune to certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using selective pressure from inadequate treatment?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment duration for latent TB infection (LTBI)?

    <p>9 months with isoniazid (INH) monotherapy or 12 once-weekly doses of INH and rifapentine (900 mg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are second-line drugs considered less desirable for tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>Because they are less effective and more toxic than first-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can emerge as the dominant population under selective pressure from inadequate treatment?

    <p>Resistant TB organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic feature of Mycobacterium leprae that leads to the formation of granulomas in the immune system?

    <p>Incorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to many antibiotics and has a very low proliferation rate?

    <p>High level of peptidoglycan wall in its structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would routine screening fail to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an individual?

    <p>Very low rate of proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does tuberculosis treatment generally include four first-line drugs?

    <p>To minimize resistance development through combination therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for considering second-line drugs less desirable for tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>Higher tendency for resistance development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are sulfonamides and quinolones important for the pharmacological treatment of mycobacterial infections?

    <p>They belong to a chemical class important for inhibiting bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using second-line drugs in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>To treat patients who cannot tolerate first-line drugs or are infected with resistant TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is combination therapy important in the treatment of active tuberculosis?

    <p>To ensure synergistic activity and address drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug resistance, what can emerge as the dominant population under selective pressure from inadequate treatment?

    <p>Organisms naturally resistant to specific drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with isoniazid (INH) monotherapy?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is monotherapy not recommended for the treatment of active TB disease?

    <p>It can lead to emergence of dominant resistant populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms and prevent dominant population emergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are second-line drugs considered less effective in tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>They are more toxic and less extensively studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using selective pressure from inadequate treatment in mycobacterial infections?

    <p>To cause emergence of dominant resistant populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use combination therapy in active tuberculosis?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms and prevent their dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?

    <p>To suppress resistant organisms and prevent emergence of dominant population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does multidrug therapy last for about 2 years in cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?

    <p>To effectively suppress resistant organisms over a prolonged period</p> Signup and view all the answers

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