35 Questions
What is the main difference between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis disease?
In LTBI, the patient is infected but does not show signs or symptoms, while in active tuberculosis disease, the patient shows signs and symptoms
What is the function of macrophages in the immune response to mycobacterial infections?
Macrophages are responsible for bringing the immune system to the site of infection and contributing to the formation of granulomas
Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating mycobacterial infections?
The slow replication rate of mycobacteria renders them highly resistant to antibiotics
Which chemical classes are important for pharmacological treatment of mycobacterial infections?
Sulfonamides and Quinolones
Why does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause tissue destruction and disease formation?
It forms granulomas that lead to tissue destruction
What is the main difference between latent tuberculosis infection and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections?
NTM infections are caused by Mycobacterium leprae, while LTBI is caused by M. tuberculosis
Why are second-line drugs typically used for tuberculosis?
Because patients with resistant TB can't tolerate first-line drugs
What is the primary reason for using combination therapy in active tuberculosis?
To improve efficacy and suppress resistance
What is the recommended treatment duration for drug-susceptible TB?
At least 6 months
What is the treatment duration for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?
About 2 years
Why is monotherapy not recommended for the treatment of active TB disease?
It is less effective than combination therapy
What is the purpose of using multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?
To suppress resistant organisms
Why do populations of M.tuberculosis contain small numbers of organisms that are naturally resistant to a particular drug?
Because they are naturally immune to certain drugs
What is the primary reason for using selective pressure from inadequate treatment?
To suppress resistant organisms
What is the recommended treatment duration for latent TB infection (LTBI)?
9 months with isoniazid (INH) monotherapy or 12 once-weekly doses of INH and rifapentine (900 mg)
Why are second-line drugs considered less desirable for tuberculosis treatment?
Because they are less effective and more toxic than first-line drugs
What can emerge as the dominant population under selective pressure from inadequate treatment?
Resistant TB organisms
What is the main reason for employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?
To suppress resistant organisms
What is the pathogenic feature of Mycobacterium leprae that leads to the formation of granulomas in the immune system?
Incorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wall
Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to many antibiotics and has a very low proliferation rate?
High level of peptidoglycan wall in its structure
Why would routine screening fail to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an individual?
Very low rate of proliferation
Why does tuberculosis treatment generally include four first-line drugs?
To minimize resistance development through combination therapy
What is the primary reason for considering second-line drugs less desirable for tuberculosis treatment?
Higher tendency for resistance development
Why are sulfonamides and quinolones important for the pharmacological treatment of mycobacterial infections?
They belong to a chemical class important for inhibiting bacterial growth
What is the main reason for using second-line drugs in tuberculosis treatment?
To treat patients who cannot tolerate first-line drugs or are infected with resistant TB
Why is combination therapy important in the treatment of active tuberculosis?
To ensure synergistic activity and address drug resistance
In the context of drug resistance, what can emerge as the dominant population under selective pressure from inadequate treatment?
Organisms naturally resistant to specific drugs
What is the recommended duration for treating latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with isoniazid (INH) monotherapy?
9 months
Why is monotherapy not recommended for the treatment of active TB disease?
It can lead to emergence of dominant resistant populations
What is the primary reason for employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?
To suppress resistant organisms and prevent dominant population emergence
Why are second-line drugs considered less effective in tuberculosis treatment?
They are more toxic and less extensively studied
What is the main purpose of using selective pressure from inadequate treatment in mycobacterial infections?
To cause emergence of dominant resistant populations
Why is it important to use combination therapy in active tuberculosis?
To suppress resistant organisms and prevent their dominance
What is the purpose of employing multidrug therapy in tuberculosis?
To suppress resistant organisms and prevent emergence of dominant population
Why does multidrug therapy last for about 2 years in cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?
To effectively suppress resistant organisms over a prolonged period
Test your knowledge about mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis and leprosy, and their clinical manifestations. Learn about the formation of granulomatous lesions and the differences between latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active TB disease.
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