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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
Which method can enhance the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?
What type of coding does Long-Term Memory (LTM) primarily use?
What happens to information in Short-Term Memory (STM) after approximately 18-30 seconds if not rehearsed?
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Which component of the Multi-Store Memory Model (MSM) is responsible for initial sensory processing?
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What evidence did Glazner & Cunitz provide to support the distinction between STM and LTM?
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Which of the following describes the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?
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In what way does rehearsal aid in transferring information from Short-Term Memory (STM) to Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
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What did Jacobs identify as the capacity of short-term memory?
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How long can information typically be retained in short-term memory without rehearsal?
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What type of coding does long-term memory predominantly use according to Baddeley?
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What did Bahrick's study suggest about the duration of long-term memory?
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What is a noted limitation of memory experiments conducted in artificial lab settings?
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What is a common criticism of memory models based on observed behavior?
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Wagenaar's research indicated what about the capacity of long-term memory?
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What does the structure of the sensory register suggest according to evolutionary theory?
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Study Notes
Multi-Store Memory Model (MSM)
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) developed the MSM to explain how information flows through three distinct memory stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
Sensory Register
- Information is processed automatically and unconsciously in the sensory register.
- Coding is sense specific (e.g., visual information is iconic, auditory information is echoic).
- The sensory register has a very large capacity, but only attended information moves to the STM.
- Its duration is extremely brief.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- The STM receives information from the sensory register via attention.
- Rehearsal, either maintenance or elaborative, transfers information to the LTM.
- Coding is primarily acoustic (based on sound).
- STM has a limited capacity of approximately 7 items (±2), which can be expanded through chunking.
- Its duration is relatively short (18-30 seconds) but can be extended through verbal rehearsal.
- Information loss can occur due to displacement (new information replacing old) or decay (loss over time).
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Function: Stores information potentially permanently.
- Retrieval: Information is transferred back to the STM for use.
- Coding: Semantic (based on meaning).
- Capacity: Unlimited.
- Duration: Unlimited.
Evidence for Separate STM and LTM
- Glazner & Cunitz (1966): Demonstrated the primacy effect (recalling early words from LTM) and recency effect (recalling recent words from STM), supporting the idea that STM and LTM are distinct stores.
Short-Term Memory (STM): Coding
- Baddeley (1966): Found that participants struggled with acoustically similar words, suggesting STM encodes information acoustically.
Short-Term Memory (STM): Capacity
- Jacobs (1887): Identified STM capacity as 7 ± 2 items for letters and numbers, demonstrating its limited capacity.
Short-Term Memory (STM): Duration
- Peterson & Peterson (1959): Found participants recalled less than 10% after 18 seconds without rehearsal, indicating STM duration is 18-30 seconds.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Coding
- Baddeley (1966): Found recall of semantically similar words was hardest after 20 minutes, indicating LTM encodes information semantically (by meaning).
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Capacity
- Wagenaar (1986): His recall of over 2400 diary events indicated that the capacity of LTM is very large and possibly limitless.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Duration
- Bahrick (1975): Participants showed high recall of names and faces even 48 years later, suggesting LTM duration is vast and potentially unlimited.
Evaluations of MSM: Artificiality of Cognitive Experiments
- Cognitive memory experiments often take place in artificial lab settings, which may lead to low ecological validity and limited generalizability to real-life situations.
- However, controlled lab environments provide valuable insights into memory processes.
Evaluations of MSM: Indirect Observation
- Memory models are based on inferences from observed behaviour, which may lack validity since memory cannot be directly observed.
- However, the structure of the sensory register supports evolutionary theory, suggesting we gather extensive sensory information but focus on processing only what is important or relevant.
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Description
Test your understanding of the Multi-Store Memory Model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. This quiz covers key concepts including the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory, highlighting their functions and characteristics. Dive deep into how information flows through these memory stores and the implications for learning.
