MSOP1016 Science of Medicines Lecture 12 Quiz

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What is the generalised structure of viruses?

Protein coat surrounding genetic material (correct)

Single-stranded RNA

Circular DNA

Double-stranded DNA

Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate?

Starch

Sucrose (correct)

Glucose

Fructose

How many units do oligosaccharides typically have?

1-2

20-30

11-15

3-10 (correct)

What is the main role of glycobiology in drug design?

To increase drug specificity Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group function is associated with cell signaling and the immune response?

Blood Group AB Signup and view all the answers

How many units does cellulose, a polysaccharide, typically have?

~3000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of live vaccines?

To stimulate the immune system artificially Signup and view all the answers

Why are 'dead vaccines' less common than live vaccines?

They are primarily used when no safe live vaccine is available Signup and view all the answers

Why are boosters given after vaccination?

To develop maximum immunity over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of 'Herd Immunity'?

To slow down and eventually stop the spread of a disease Signup and view all the answers

How has molecular biology contributed to vaccine production?

By enabling genetically engineered vaccines like Hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recombinant vaccines?

They allow for multiple pathogen 'antigens' to be expressed from a single virus vector Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in the development of anti-virals mentioned in the text?

Difficulty in distinguishing between virus and host cell processes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of viruses makes the development of anti-virals challenging?

Ability to undergo antigenic changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a strategy mentioned for inhibiting viral translation in the text?

Inhibiting glycosylation processes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infections are nucleoside analogues commonly used to treat?

Herpes virus infections Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibitors are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors used for in HIV treatment?

Interfering with viral transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of HIV-fusion inhibitors in antiviral therapy?

Inhibit virus penetration Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antiviral agents do neuraminidase inhibitors belong to?

Virus attachment disruptors Signup and view all the answers

'Chronic hepatitis B is treated using which type of agents according to the text?'

Interferons (immunostimulants) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mechanism of action for nucleotide analogues according to the text?

Prevent viral DNA polymerase activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration in the design of antiviral drugs according to the text?

Selective inhibition of processes unique to viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the life cycle of viruses?

Entry into the host cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage in the life cycle of viruses according to the text?

New 'progeny' virus release Signup and view all the answers

What determines the specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue?

Host cell-surface receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event resulted in up to 90% of indigenous tribes in North & South America being decimated?

Smallpox epidemics Signup and view all the answers

What is the major approach to disease control mentioned in the text?

Prophylaxis and vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy for healthcare is mentioned to include improvements in nutrition and sanitation?

'Prophylactic strategies Signup and view all the answers

What does vaccination aim to achieve in terms of immunity?

'Prime' the immune system Signup and view all the answers

'Post-exposure prophylaxis', as mentioned in the text, refers to:

'Preventive measures after pathogen exposure' Signup and view all the answers

'Antiviral agents' face issues of resistance due to:

'Rapid mutation of viruses' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in developing vaccines for HIV, influenza, and COVID according to the text?

Rapid mutation of viruses Signup and view all the answers

Why are antiviral drugs considered the best option in some cases according to the text?

Infections have already occurred and are hidden inside host cells Signup and view all the answers

What has made the search for antiviral drugs more challenging compared to antibacterial drugs?

Viruses use host cells' mechanisms to multiply Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining broad spectrum antiviral activity important for an ideal small molecule antiviral drug?

To keep it effective against various viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of good viral drug targets mentioned in the text?

Amino acid sequence identical in a specific region across different viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the viral genomic research mentioned in the text?

To identify new targets for antiviral agents Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the initial events that kick-started general research into anti-viral chemotherapy as per the text?

The epidemic proportions reached by a disease affecting homosexual men Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why vaccination may be less effective in certain patient groups as mentioned in the text?

Weakened immune systems due to organ transplants Signup and view all the answers

Why is identifying new targets crucial for the development of antiviral agents according to the text?

To open new avenues for small molecule therapeutics Signup and view all the answers

What is one common factor among good viral drug targets mentioned in the text?

Having crucial roles in the virus life cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glycans in the body?

Signalling between cells Signup and view all the answers

How do viruses transmit between hosts through arthropods or ticks?

Through biting and injecting saliva Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the protein coat (capsid) in a virus?

Protect the viral genome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viruses replicate their RNA in the cytoplasm of host cells?

RNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the ADEPT approach used for in drug design?

Enhance drug specificity Signup and view all the answers

How do most viruses enter a susceptible cell for multiplication?

At the 'portal of entry' Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is essential in the replication process of retroviruses?

'Retrotranscriptase' Signup and view all the answers

'ADEPT' in drug design stands for:

'Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of disease symptoms resulting from viral infections?

Cell destruction by host response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycan-lectin interactions in cells?

Directing trafficking of glycoconjugates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glycosidic linkage is found in cellulose?

1→4 b-linked Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Branching pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of cell walls and forms the hard crust for insects and shellfish?

Chitin Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for many current anti-viral therapeutics such as Tamiflu?

N-acetyl neuraminic acid Signup and view all the answers

What does glycobiology aim to define?

The biological functions of sugars attached to proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a glycan attached to a protein or lipid?

Glycoconjugate Signup and view all the answers

In glycoproteins, why can mismatched blood groups lead to agglutination of blood cells?

Presence of different glycans on the protein surface Signup and view all the answers

'Providing structural components' is one of the functions performed by glycans of glycoproteins. Which example is correct for this function?

'Cell wall formation' Signup and view all the answers

'Glycans and Blood groups' mentions the importance of blood group compatibility. What can happen if incompatible blood groups are mixed?

'Agglutination of blood cells' Signup and view all the answers