Motivation & Achievement Theories Quiz

Drive-based learning theories

Issues with drive-based conceptualizations and growing interest in information processing

Need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Task effort, Performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pattern of motivational consequences that emerge over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, Self-Regulation-Metacognition Theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiplicative relation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drive to succeed and fear of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within-versus between-subject research designs, Measurement of model components, Information integration strategies, Individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectancy, instrumentality, valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency format</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency and probability formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural unfairness can impact attitudes towards supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participative decision making (PDM) refers to the opportunity for employees to provide input prior to a decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDM enhances job satisfaction, but the effects on task performance are unclear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM facilitates task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees. Motivational explanations suggest that PDM enhances performance by increasing goal commitment, acceptance, and difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main focus of Adams' Equity Theory is the value of fairness in employee-employer relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of fairness distinguished in Greenberg's taxonomy are distributive fairness and procedural fairness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural fairness enhances perceptions of fairness, regardless of outcome. Evaluation frequency, opportunity to express opinions, consistency in evaluation standards, and opportunity to provide input influence employees' perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of fairness can affect task performance. For example, input before performance evaluation can improve fairness perceptions but can also negatively impact task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequential progression of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main difference is that traditional achievement motive theories view success motive as a single construct, while newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cognitive evaluation theory suggests that the overjustification effect occurs when external rewards are given, leading to a decrease in intrinsic motivation due to individuals' interpretation of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Goal orientation theories, such as Nicholls' Task &amp; Ego Orientation and Dweck &amp; Colleagues' framework, explore how individuals' focus on task or outcome affects effort, persistence, and self-perceptions of ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolman and Lewin emphasized personal goals, expectations, and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major constructs of motivation in organizational settings include need-motive-value approaches, cognitive choice approaches, and self-regulation-metacognition approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The current focus of motivation research includes integrating theoretical approaches from different subdisciplines, developing new concepts, acknowledging the significance of non-cognitive individual differences, and integrating motivation with cognitive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>task effort, performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less frequently used</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>direction and intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>where resources are allocated: time, specific tasks, mental effort etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absenteeism, Job choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>when direction has been predetermined (e.g. lab experiments)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>accepting another offer simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation refers to the driving force behind intentions, choices, and volitional activities, while performance refers to the evaluation of behaviors influenced by abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three paradigms of motivation theories in the heuristic framework are Need-Motive-Value Theories, Cognitive Choice Theories, and Heuristic Framework for Motivational Theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key factors in the Need-Motive-Value Theories paradigm are Needs (as traits), Motives (internal drives that push us to act), and Values (what we consider important and worthwhile).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Choice Theories center on decision-making processes and resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some scholars argue for a distinction between arousal and volitional sources of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors that influence performance include a person's abilities, task understanding, situational constraints, and task demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distinction between motivation and performance is often overlooked in studies assessing motivation, especially in simple tasks or laboratory settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heuristic framework for motivational theories provides a framework for understanding and categorizing different theories of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-regulation refers to the ability to control and direct one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors towards achieving specific goals. It is closely related to motivation as it involves the processes and strategies individuals use to regulate their motivation and maintain goal-directed behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal theories of motivation focus on the indirect factors that influence goal choice and future effort, such as childhood experiences. Proximal theories, on the other hand, focus on the initiation and execution of actions during task engagement, such as current mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variables can have different effects in distal and proximal systems. For example, high self-confidence may enhance motivation in distal theories but negatively impact motivation in proximal theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need-motive-value approaches explore the motivational consequences of individual differences in needs, motives, and values. They examine how these individual differences influence goal-directed behaviors and outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholls proposes a distinction between performance and learning motives. Traditional theories view success motive as a single construct, while newer research investigates different types of goal-directed achievement motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Job Characteristics Theory focuses on how job characteristics influence task satisfaction and performance. It suggests that growth motives mediate the relationship between job characteristics and these outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's need fulfillment theory proposes a 5-tier hierarchy of needs, where needs progress sequentially from physiological needs to self-actualization. Alderfer's theory suggests 3 categories of needs (existence, relatedness, growth) that operate simultaneously, and frustration may lead to a re-emphasis of lower-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maslow's theory suggests a sequential progression of needs, while Alderfer's theory proposes that needs operate simultaneously. Additionally, Alderfer's theory allows for frustration to lead to a re-emphasis of lower-level needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Need fulfillment theories suggest that when individuals' needs are satisfied, it enhances their motivation. Meeting higher-level needs can provide a sense of fulfillment and drive individuals to pursue higher-order goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the Job Characteristics Theory, growth motives play a mediating role in the relationship between job characteristics and task satisfaction and performance. When individuals have a strong growth motive, they are more likely to experience satisfaction and perform better in tasks that provide opportunities for personal development and advancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Little empirical support, intermediary processes not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decrease in intrinsic motivation when external rewards are given for a task or behavior that a person already finds internally motivating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performance-contingent rewards, feedback, goal assignments, modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>how aggregate job characteristics impact critical psychological states</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mapping objective to perceived, adequacy of job characteristics measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Evaluation Theory, Job Characteristics Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malone, Lepper, Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>how different motivations interact and their resulting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>operationalizing higher order needs, measuring need strength and satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>focus on short-term behavioral differences rather than universal motive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Attributes of educational environments that foster intrinsic task interest, effort, and learning</li> <li>Characteristics associated with long-term intrinsic task interest and persistence among expert performers</li> <li>Differences in motivational processes between intrinsic and extrinsic orientations, and individual differences in strength of distinct components of achievement</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual: Challenge, curiosity, control, fantasy (intrinsic motives) Interpersonal: Competition, cooperation, recognition (intrinsic, extrinsic, or both)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mastery control, challenge, and curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual and interpersonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How intrinsic motivation develops and interacts with cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CET has implications for tasks with a fixed structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>JCT has implications for job design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of job redesign on job performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complementary rather than competing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Clarify motivational processes underlying differences between passive and active learners</li> <li>How different forms of motivation affect interest and rate of skill acquisition</li> <li>How the scheduling of motivational enhancements affects learning in digital skill training</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;Flow&quot; refers to a state of undivided attention, clear goals, and an absolute sense of control. It is a dynamic state that fluctuates over time, rather than a static trait. Flow experiences are more commonly found in work contexts than in leisure activities. Motivation is more influenced by the activity itself rather than whether it is a flow or non-flow person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The orientation is partially under the individual's control and can influence their strategies for task persistence. The diversity and flexibility of goals that individuals hold for task engagement is an important area for future research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of fairness are distributive fairness (fairness of outcome) and procedural fairness (fairness of the procedures used to determine the outcome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adams' Equity Theory states that individuals value fairness in employee-employer relationships. It suggests that perceived inequity can lead to tension and cognitive/behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive fairness refers to the fairness of the outcome, while procedural fairness refers to the fairness of the procedures used to determine the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research generally supports the idea that pay inequity can lead to reduced performance. However, overpayment inequity does not consistently result in increased performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of perceived inequity can change over time as individuals' perceptions and circumstances evolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evaluation frequency, opportunity to express opinions, consistency in evaluation standards, and opportunity to provide input can all influence employees' perceptions of fairness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenberg's taxonomy focuses on the fairness of the outcome (distributive justice) versus the fairness of the procedures used to determine the outcome (procedural justice).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Future research should focus on the motivational mechanisms involved in the relationships between organizational justice, fairness, and employee behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural fairness enhances employees' perceptions of fairness, regardless of the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural fairness refers to the fairness of the process, while distributive justice refers to the fairness of the outcome or who gets what.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions of fairness can affect behavior, such as task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Input before performance evaluation can improve fairness perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Input before performance evaluation can negatively impact task performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural fairness focuses on the fairness of the process, while distributive justice focuses on who gets what.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two important concepts are procedural fairness and distributive justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenberg proposed a framework that distinguishes between procedural fairness and distributive justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural unfairness can impact attitudes towards supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive fairness has less influence on supervision attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDM enhances job satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive explanations suggest that PDM can enhance task performance by promoting information exchange between supervisors and supervisees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDM enhances performance by increasing goal commitment, acceptance, and difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PDM procedures that are perceived as fair can lead to higher levels of satisfaction even when the outcome is not favorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential advantages of PDM can dissipate if used too frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding how PDM procedures influence performance requires attention to dynamic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive choice approaches expectancy x value (E x V) theories emphasize the role of subjective expectations and subjective valuation of expected consequences in decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limitations of E x V theories include dealing with situations where choices are significantly limited and assuming individuals behave hedonistically, striving to maximize positive affect and minimize negative affect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three categories of E x V theories mentioned in the text are classic cognitive-interactional approach, elaborated cognitive-episodic approach, and subjective expected utility theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The classic cognitive-interactional approach in E x V theories includes Rotter's (1954) social learning theory and Atkinson's (1957) risk-taking model of achievement striving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elaborated cognitive-episodic approach in E x V theories is exemplified by Heckhausen's (1977) theory of motivation and achievement striving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a subjective expected utility theory in E x V theories is subjective expected utility theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of expectancy and instrumentality information in individual decision-making varies among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal differences, success expectations, and the perceived value of success</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited contexts where self-evaluation results are most significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drive to succeed and fear of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contexts where self-evaluation results were most significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valence, Instrumentality, Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities refers to the idea that the motivational force of a behavior is determined by the interaction of an individual's expectancy (belief about the likelihood of achieving a desired outcome) and instrumentality (belief about the relationship between performance and outcomes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some of the issues identified in the studies of expectancies and instrumentalities include within-versus between-subject research designs, measurement of model components, information integration strategies, and individual differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The research on expectancies and instrumentalities led to a focus on methodological problems and tests of specific propositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the early studies, the between-subject strategy involved correlating motivational force scores with effort criterion across subjects, which was inconsistent with Vroom's theory. In recent studies, the within-subject strategy was used, which showed higher predictive validity coefficients compared to the between-subject procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean predictive validity coefficients in the recent studies using within-subject procedure were in the range of 50 to 70.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ilgen et. al.'s research focused on the measurement of model components in the context of Expectancy Value (E x V) theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sorry, the text does not mention the key findings regarding the measurement of model components in Ilgen et. al.'s research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of the study conducted in 1981 was to identify the best methods for measuring the components of Vroom's expectancy theory (expectancy, instrumentality, and valence).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency format was found to be the most reliable for measuring expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency and probability formats were found to be the most reliable for measuring instrumentality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attractiveness and behavioral anchor formats were found to be the most reliable for measuring valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The authors preferred the attractiveness format for measuring valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation is higher for the first task in a sequence of tasks (contingent path).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation is lower when tasks are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Success-oriented individuals prefer easier tasks in contingent paths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within-versus between-subject research designs, Measurement of model components, Information integration strategies, Individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focus on methodological problems and tests of specific propositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Between-subject strategy correlates motivational force scores with effort criterion across subjects, recent studies use within-subject strategy comparing both strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not provided in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 to 70</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not provided in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not provided in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal of the study conducted in 1981 was to identify the best methods for measuring the components of Vroom's expectancy theory (expectancy, instrumentality, valence).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency format was found to be the most reliable for measuring expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency and probability formats were found to be the most reliable for measuring instrumentality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attractiveness format was preferred by the authors for measuring valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raynor's theory of future orientation states that motivation for the first task is higher in a sequence of tasks (contingent path) and lower when tasks are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Success-oriented individuals prefer easier tasks in a contingent path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fifteen different scale measures were tested in the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Task difficulty impacted the validity of expectancy measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achievement-oriented individuals may choose less difficult tasks when success is necessary for goal progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic outcomes become more dominant closer to goal attainment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How we explain events (attribution) affects our behavior through our expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four causal categories are effort, ability, task difficulty, and luck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception of ability as controllable or uncontrollable can affect task interest and work performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The affective responses that can influence motivation are anger, pity, guilt, gratitude, and shame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dynamics of action approach states that past experiences shape current and future motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Past experiences shape current and future motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>History influences present actions and future behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The focus of the research on motivation and skill acquisition is to identify areas for future research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>instigating, consummatory, and inhibitory forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>boost motivation over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reduce motivation over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tendencies to avoid elements linked to past bad experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>greater for easy tasks than for difficult tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers