Motivation Theory and Industrial PDF

● ● ○ Multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities ○ Generally supported by studies in 1960s and 1970s Issues Identified: ○ Within-versus between-subject research designs ○ Measurement of model components ○ Information integration strategies ○ Individual differences Impact on...

● ● ○ Multiplicative relation between expectancies and instrumentalities ○ Generally supported by studies in 1960s and 1970s Issues Identified: ○ Within-versus between-subject research designs ○ Measurement of model components ○ Information integration strategies ○ Individual differences Impact on Research: ○ Focus on methodological problems and tests of specific propositions Between-subject vs Within-subject Designs ● Tests of predictive validity of Expectancy Value (E x V) models: ○ Early studies (pre-mid-1970s): ■ Between-subject strategy: ■ Correlating motivational force scores with effort criterion across subjects ■ Inconsistent with Vroom's theory (force as within-subject choice) ○ Recent studies: ■ Within-subject strategy ■ Comparing both strategies ■ Higher predictive validity coefficients with within-subject procedure ■ Mean predictive validity coefficients in range of 50 to 70 Measurement of Model Components - Ilgen et. al. (1981): ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Goal: Identify best methods for measuring components of Vroom's expectancy theory (expectancy, instrumentality, valence) Tested 15 different scale measures in simulated work environment Expectancy: Frequency format most reliable ■ how frequently a given level of effort would result in each of six different levels of performance ■ simpler "maximal effort" measure also reliable Instrumentality: Frequency & probability formats best ■ how likely they think it is that good performance will lead to rewards Valence: Attractiveness & behavioral anchor formats most reliable; authors preferred attractiveness due to ease of use & comparability across studies ■ how desirable each potential reward is to them Task difficulty impacted validity of expectancy measures Raynor's Theory of Future Orientation ● Raynor's theory: ○ In a sequence of tasks (contingent path), motivation for the first task is higher ○ Motivation is lower when tasks are not in a sequence (noncontingent paths) ○ Success-oriented individuals prefer easier tasks in contingent paths