Achievement Motivation and Performance Goals Quiz

Components of Motivation

• Motivation consists of two components: activation (the initiation of behavior) and persistence (the continued effort towards a goal).

Theoretical Perspectives

• The evolutionary perspective argues that basic human motives are rooted in survival and reproduction.
• Freud posited that humans are primarily motivated by unconscious desires and drives related to sex and aggression.

Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories

• Contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of social and relational motives, along with unconscious processes.

Drive-Reduction Theories

• Drive-reduction theories suggest that biological needs create drives that lead animals to act in ways that reduce those drives, restoring balance.

Definition of Motivation

• Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Major Clusters of Motives

• Two major clusters of motives are physiological needs (such as hunger and thirst) and psychological needs (such as achievement and affiliation).

Need for Achievement

• The need for achievement is defined as the desire to accomplish something difficult and to excel in competitive situations.

Goals Underlying Achievement Motivation

• Two types of goals are associated with achievement motivation: mastery goals (focused on learning and self-improvement) and performance goals (focused on demonstrating ability relative to others).

Influencing Factors of Motive Strength

• Factors influencing the strength of a motive include individual expectations, value placed on the goal, and the perceived difficulty of the task.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• According to the James-Lange theory, bodily experiences (such as physiological responses) precede and shape emotional experiences.

Display Rules

• Display rules are societal guidelines that dictate how and when emotions can be expressed.

Endocrine System Function

• The endocrine system is involved in hormone regulation, affecting growth, metabolism, and mood.

Peripheral Nervous System Division

• The autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.

Cerebellum Function

• The cerebellum is crucial for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and motor learning.

Central Nervous System Control

• The brainstem governs vital processes such as heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure.

Neurotransmitters

• Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain.

Somatic Nervous System Role

• The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement and the transmission of sensory information.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• In Maslow's hierarchy, physiological needs (like food, water, and shelter) must be fulfilled before higher-level needs, such as esteem and self-actualization, become operative.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis refers to the body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment or equilibrium.

Metabolism Phases

• Metabolism consists of two phases: catabolism (breaking down substances for energy) and anabolism (building up substances for growth).

Hunger Signals

• Hormones like ghrelin signal the brain when short- and long-term fuel stores are low, triggering hunger.

Satiety Mechanisms

• Leptin and insulin are critical for signaling satiety and regulating energy balance in the body.

Gender Roles

• Gender roles are the socially constructed behaviors and activities deemed appropriate for men and women.

Brain Structures and Functions

• The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.

Frontal Lobe Functions

• The frontal lobes are associated with higher cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, and emotional regulation.

Cerebral Cortex Connection

• The corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, facilitating communication between them.

Vision Specialization

• The occipital lobes are specialized for processing visual information.

Neuroplasticity

• Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections in response to learning and experience.

Heritability

• Heritability refers to the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a population.