Module 3: Diabetes and Exercise Principles

False (B)

Hypoglycemia

<p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Autoimmune destruction of pancreas Type 2 = Insulin resistance and defective secretion Gestational = Glucose intolerance during pregnancy Diabetes = Chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise helps manage blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of insulin signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral neuropathies = Nerve damage leading to weakness and pain Nephropathies = Kidney damage due to high blood sugar Retinopathies = Damage to the blood vessels in the retina Diabetic foot ulcers = Open sores resulting from nerve damage and poor circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average blood sugar level over the past 120 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A1C Test = Average blood sugar over 120 days LDL = Bad cholesterol levels Metformin = Oral medication for diabetes Exercise = Physical activity to maintain health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates glucose transport independent of insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ or ADP or ROS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AMPK and CaMK activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4 = Facilitates glucose uptake ADP = Signaling molecule accumulation Ca2+ = Stimulates signaling cascade ROS = Indicates metabolic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>athlete's paradox</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces plasma glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise prevents lipid-induced insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4 = Transports glucose into cells IMTG = Intramuscular triglycerides SCD1 = Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 T2DM = Type 2 diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces insulin resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise increases intramuscular triglyceride storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improves insulin action and blood glucose control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin stimulates the movement of GLUT-4 to the skeletal muscle membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improve insulin action = Direct Benefit Reduce cardiovascular risk = Indirect Benefit Enhance metabolic fitness = Indirect Benefit Reduce hyperglycemia = Direct Benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Result in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactive lipids and insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A metabolic disease where the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar.

The process of maintaining the right amount of sugar (glucose) in the bloodstream.

Insulin helps glucose move from the blood into cells for energy use.

Exercise can help glucose move into cells, even without insulin.

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

High blood sugar levels.

The body's reduced ability to respond to the effects of insulin.

To manage blood sugar levels and prevent complications.

Insulin signals the movement of GLUT-4 to the cell membrane, enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

Adipose tissue, before skeletal muscle, becomes resistant to insulin's effects.

Excess lipids create reactive molecules (DAGs, ceramides) disrupting insulin's signalling pathways.

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.

A life-threatening complication of diabetes with extremely high blood sugar levels without significant ketone production.

Nerve damage affecting the sensation and movement in the limbs due to diabetes.

Damage to blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar levels in diabetes.

A measure of average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.

A blood test measuring average blood sugar levels over the past 120 days

Keep blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg

Less than 2.0 mmol/L

150+ minutes of moderate-to vigorous activity weekly, spread over at least 3 days; shorter vigorous or interval periods can suffice for some.

High blood sugar present in 13 of 24 hours in "well-controlled" diabetics

Insulin levels decrease during exercise to help the body use stored glucose.

Metformin, rosiglitazone, sulfonylureas (like glyburide and glipizide) and insulin

Diet, medication (insulin and oral glucose lowering), exercise, to control blood sugar and related conditions

Exercise increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, independently of insulin sensitivity.

Exercise moves GLUT-4 glucose transporters from inside muscle cells to the cell membrane, facilitating glucose uptake.

Stored fat inside muscle cells.

Regularly exercising individuals can have high IMTG levels while maintaining acute insulin sensitivity.

A single exercise session can significantly improve insulin sensitivity, even in obese individuals.

Exercise increases the storage of IMTG (intra-muscular triglycerides) especially when fat availability is high.

Exercise may redirect fatty acid use, reducing potentially harmful metabolites for insulin sensitivity.

Exercise might increase the expression of the lipogenic enzymes involved in converting fatty acids to fat.

Even in 'well-controlled' type 2 diabetics, high blood sugar can occur for a significant portion of the day (13 out of 24 hours).

Short bursts of physical activity can effectively reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic individuals for a sustained period.

Despite insulin resistance, the movement of GLUT-4 to the cell membrane, stimulated by exercise, remains functional in type 2 diabetes.

Exercise can overcome the resistance to insulin's effects by promoting glucose uptake through mechanisms independent of insulin.

長時間の脂肪酸の注入はインスリン抵抗性を引き起こします。

Acute exercise intervention can prevent the development of insulin resistance caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of fatty acids.

Exercise reduces the formation of harmful reactive lipids and promotes proper storage of fats, preventing insulin resistance.

Exercise can boost glucose uptake into muscle cells directly, independently of insulin, and indirectly by improving insulin sensitivity.

Exercise can overcome insulin resistance, allowing glucose to enter muscle cells even when the body isn't responding well to insulin.

Both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) exercise benefit glucose control, but chronic exercise has lasting effects.

Excess lipids can interfere with insulin's signaling pathways, leading to insulin resistance and high blood sugar.

Exercise can reduce harmful lipids and promote proper lipid storage, improving insulin sensitivity and glucose control.

Combining aerobic and resistance training offers even greater benefits for glucose control and overall health in diabetes.

Tailoring an exercise program for diabetics considers individual needs and goals for better glucose control, preventing complications, and improving cardiovascular health.