Module 3: Cardiovascular - Diabetes Management

A metabolic disease where the body doesn't respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

A condition in which cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to difficulty regulating blood sugar.

The process of maintaining healthy levels of glucose in the blood.

High blood sugar levels.

Treating and controlling diabetes to prevent complications and maintain health.

Exercise helps move glucose from the blood into muscles, improving blood glucose levels without relying on insulin.

The process of glucose moving from blood to muscles during exercise, facilitated by GLUT-4 transporter vesicles.

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells, resulting in a complete lack of insulin.

Insulin triggers the movement of GLUT-4, a glucose transporter, to the skeletal muscle membrane, enhancing glucose uptake.

When adipose tissue (fat) becomes resistant to insulin, it releases more fatty acids, potentially harming skeletal muscle insulin signaling.

High lipid environment, like increased fatty acids, damages skeletal muscle insulin signaling through accumulating reactive lipids like DAGs (diacylglycerols) and ceramides.

DAGs and ceramides, reactive lipids, build up in skeletal muscle causing damage and hindering insulin signaling.

A serious complication of diabetes, characterized by high blood glucose, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis that requires immediate medical attention.

Nerve damage in the limbs, causing pain, numbness, or weakness.

A measure of average blood glucose levels over a few months, used to assess diabetes control.

A blood test that measures your average blood sugar level over the past 120 days.

Aim for a blood pressure of less than 130/80 mmHg.

Aim for an LDL (bad) cholesterol level less than 2.0 mmol/L.

Discuss with your healthcare team about medications to protect your heart.

Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity weekly, spread over at least 3 days a week.

Short bursts of intense exercise alternating with recovery periods.

Insulin levels decrease during exercise.

Exercise stimulates glucose transport from blood to muscles, improving blood glucose levels.

Muscle contraction during exercise triggers a signaling cascade that moves GLUT-4 transporters from inside muscle cells to the cell membrane, increasing glucose uptake.

During exercise, muscle contraction leads to the accumulation of Ca2+, ADP, and ROS (reactive oxygen species), stimulating the signaling pathway for GLUT-4 translocation.

GLUT-4 is a protein transporter responsible for carrying glucose molecules across the cell membrane into muscle cells.

Individuals who exercise regularly show improved insulin sensitivity even with high intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) levels.

Exercise can reduce the accumulation of metabolically unfavorable fatty acid metabolites by promoting IMTG synthesis, potentially improving insulin sensitivity.

By diverting excess fatty acids into IMTG storage, exercise can prevent the accumulation of harmful metabolites that hinder insulin signaling.

Even one workout session can significantly improve insulin sensitivity, enhance IMTG synthesis, and reduce the formation of harmful fatty acid metabolites.

Excess fatty acids can impair insulin signaling by leading to the buildup of reactive lipids, such as DAGs and ceramides, in the muscle cells.

Type II diabetics often experience significant fluctuations in blood sugar levels, even when considered "well-controlled" by traditional measures.

Short bursts of physical activity can lower blood sugar levels for an extended period of time in individuals with diabetes.

During exercise, GLUT-4, a protein responsible for transporting glucose into cells, moves to the cell membrane, enhancing glucose uptake despite insulin resistance.

Excess lipids can interfere with insulin signaling, reducing the ability of cells to take up glucose.

Moderate exercise can overcome lipid-induced insulin resistance by improving the transport of glucose into muscle cells.

Increased levels of reactive lipids, like DAGs and ceramides, contribute to insulin resistance, hindering glucose uptake.

Exercise can help reduce the buildup of reactive lipids, promoting better insulin sensitivity and glucose transport.

Acute exercise promotes both insulin-stimulated and exercise-stimulated glucose transport, enhancing glucose uptake overall.

Sustained exercise improves insulin action, blood sugar control, cardiovascular health, and reduces diabetes risk factors like obesity.

Exercise stimulates glucose transport directly, bypassing the need for insulin to overcome resistance.

Exercise reduces the formation of harmful lipids and promotes proper storage, preventing insulin resistance.

Recommendations for physical activity include a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

Exercise helps control glucose, prevent complications, and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

Individuals with diabetes, especially those who are sedentary or want vigorous activity, may benefit from ECG stress testing.