Module 3: Cardiovascular Exercise Principles

Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or an inability to utilize insulin.

Insulin secretion from the pancreas and the utilization of insulin in peripheral tissues are the main processes.

The primary treatment goal is to achieve stable blood glucose levels and prevent complications.

<p>Hypoglycemia and potential cardiovascular issues can arise during exercise for diabetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity and promote glucose uptake into the muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4 vesicles facilitate the transport of glucose from the blood into skeletal muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition leading to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant challenge is the risk of hypoglycemia, which can lead to serious health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The A1C blood test measures your average blood sugar level over the past 120 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The target blood pressure is less than 130/80 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patients should focus on when and what to eat, aiming for balanced meals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin stimulates the movement of GLUT-4 to the skeletal muscle membrane, enhancing glucose transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metformin is a common oral anti-hyperglycemic medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adipose tissue becomes insulin resistant before skeletal muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity weekly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess lipids lead to the production of reactive lipids like diacylglycerols, which impair insulin signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin levels decrease during exercise to facilitate glucose uptake by muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The target for LDL cholesterol is less than 2.0 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One barrier is stress management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 3 days per week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shakiness and weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral neuropathies, including somatic and autonomic neuropathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healthy weight loss and maintenance are crucial for preventing complications associated with T2DM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina caused by diabetes, with symptoms including blurred vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of aerobic and resistance exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should consume additional carbohydrates after 1 hour of exercise, specifically 15 g of CHO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most people should aim for an A1C of 7% or less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates hypoglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not respond to exercise in a normal manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The imbalance between peripheral glucose utilization and hepatic glucose production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rates of glucose utilization and glucose production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise increases the partitioning of fatty acids to intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) rather than muscle glycogen in comparison to sedentary subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane is stimulated by exercise and remains effective in individuals with diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise reduces plasma glucose levels for an extended time in diabetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise helps prevent lipid-induced insulin resistance by reducing reactive lipid formation and enhancing proper lipid storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased IMTG storage from acute exercise may improve energy availability during endurance activities and enhance metabolic flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity in Type II diabetic individuals, particularly after bouts of moderate to high-intensity activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute exercise stimulates the action of FAT/CD36, facilitating increased fatty acid uptake into muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing glycemic instability is critical because it aids in identifying risks for severe hyperglycemia and optimizing diabetes management strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise stimulates glucose transport independent of insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+, ADP, and reactive oxygen species (ROS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'athlete's paradox' refers to the phenomenon where individuals with high intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) concentrations remain insulin sensitive due to regular exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single session of exercise markedly improves insulin sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipogenic enzymes, such as DGAT1 and mGPAT, may increase in expression after exercise to facilitate IMTG synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This mechanism may be particularly relevant when fatty acid availability is high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise promotes the storage of fatty acids as intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) instead of directing them towards harmful metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle contraction during exercise triggers a signaling cascade that mobilizes GLUT-4 vesicles to the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers