Module 3 - Critical Thinking Principles and Biases Quiz

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What is the false assumption associated with Projection Bias?

Others have negative intentions

Size of cause is determined by size of outcome

Others share our motives (correct)

A coincidence is causal in nature

Which principle of critical thinking involves considering alternative explanations?

Intentionality Bias

Pattern-Detection Bias

Examine the evidence for a claim (correct)

Be open to the possibility of different intentions

What psychological vulnerability is associated with the belief in conspiracy theories?

A coincidence is causal in nature

Others have negative intentions (correct)

Others share our motives

Size of cause is determined by size of outcome

What trait leads individuals to project their malicious intents on others according to the text?

Machiavellian traits Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves the false assumption that a coincidence is causal in nature?

Pattern-Detection Bias Signup and view all the answers

What should individuals do to avoid falling prey to Projection Bias according to the text?

Try to see if everybody shares the same motives Signup and view all the answers

What is the projection bias described in the text?

Making sense of others' behaviors by putting oneself in their shoes Signup and view all the answers

What trait is associated with individuals who are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories?

Projecting outward their Machiavellian traits Signup and view all the answers

In the Animation Experiment 'Intentionality Bias,' what was the conclusion drawn about how individuals interpret ambiguous events?

They see ambiguous events as intentional, leading to susceptibility to belief in conspiracy theories Signup and view all the answers

What is the intentionality bias, as discussed in the text?

Believing that all events in the world are intentional Signup and view all the answers

How did participants' interpretation of ambiguous sentences relate to their belief in conspiracy theories according to the Rob Brotherton Experiment?

Interpreting as intentional correlated positively with belief in conspiracy theories Signup and view all the answers

What was observed about people's perception of big events according to the Proportionality Bias section?

People find it difficult to accept that big events could have small causes Signup and view all the answers

How does the brain's pattern-recognition bias manifest according to the text?

Filling in details and connecting dots even when they don't exist Signup and view all the answers

Which bias is described by individuals seeing the world in terms of motives and intents according to Karen Douglas' version of the Intentionality Bias experiment?

'Intentionality bias' Signup and view all the answers

'Projection bias' suggests that individuals tend to:

'Put themselves in others' shoes' by projecting their own traits onto others Signup and view all the answers

'Intentionality bias' can lead individuals to:

'Believe all events are intentional' Signup and view all the answers

Why do people find it difficult to resist the allure of narcissists?

Their megalomania and grandiosity tap into people's own narcissism. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to stop incompetent men from becoming leaders, according to the text?

Elevating standards for selecting male and female leaders. Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of social proof influence behavior?

By relying on the wisdom of a crowd for validation. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does presenting negative information have over positive information, according to the text?

Negative information is more powerful in affecting decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

In the Petrified Forest National Park example, why did theft increase after a sign was put up?

The sign implied stealing was common due to social proof. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can be used to increase tips for waiters based on the text?

Leaving two mints instead of one on the check. Signup and view all the answers

'Don't worry what other people think of you' and 'If you think you are great, then you are!' are examples of nurturing styles that lead to what kind of leadership?

'Leaders unaware of their limitations but pleased with themselves'. Signup and view all the answers

How can more women be encouraged into leadership positions?

By elevating standards for selecting both male and female leaders. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about intuition in leadership selection?

It is not considered a reliable factor. Signup and view all the answers

How does negatively portraying other firefighters affect training effectiveness, according to the text?

It improves training compared to focusing on positive examples. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effective way to influence people's behavior according to the text?

Using signages that highlight positive behaviors of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the word "because" in persuasion?

It provides a reason, making people more likely to comply Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of providing reasons, even if they are not great, when making a request?

It increases the likelihood of compliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of studying the neuroscience of persuasion?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What brain area is activated when a person acts against the group or crowd?

The area correlated with pain and conflict Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential implication of pain signals in persuasion, according to the text?

They may trigger various behaviors and practices Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion from the experiments where participants were shown noisy static patterns?

People see meaningful patterns in noisy images when they feel a lack of control over their circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What did some people interpret the 'out-of-place' umbrella from the Kennedy assassination to be?

A disguised gun that caused the assassination. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles of critical thinking did the New York Times writer violate when criticizing Tulsi Gabbard, according to the text?

Principle of seeking relevant information. Signup and view all the answers

According to Tulsi Gabbard's explanation in the Democratic debate, why should LGBT voters trust her now?

She has dedicated her recent years of service to serving LGBT people. Signup and view all the answers

According to the study on student learning mentioned in the text, what factor was found to be most effective for student learning?

Studying alone. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main findings of the study on student learning mentioned in the text?

A large percentage of students showed no learning growth during college. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why incompetent men are more likely to become leaders?

Being unaware of one's limitations makes it more likely to become a leader. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the discussion on why incompetent men become leaders, according to the text?

The role of gender and personality in shaping leadership choices. Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why most leaders have a negative effect on their followers or subordinates?

The text does not provide a specific reason for this claim. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding regarding the relationship between gender and overestimating abilities, according to the text?

Men are more likely than women to overestimate their abilities. Signup and view all the answers