Critical Thinking Principles in 'Suspicious Minds' by Rob Brotherton

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What is the false assumption underlying the Projection Bias discussed in the text?

Others share our motives (correct)

Others have negative intentions

Size of cause is determined by size of outcome

A coincidence is causal in nature

Which bias involves falsely assuming that others have negative intentions?

Projection Bias

Pattern-Detection Bias

Intentionality Bias (correct)

Proportionality Bias

What does the Proportionality Bias involve a false assumption about?

Others' motives

Coincidences being causal in nature

Size of cause in relation to size of outcome (correct)

Others' intentions

Which bias leads to a false assumption that a coincidence is causal in nature?

Pattern-Detection Bias Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of our psychology makes us vulnerable to belief in conspiracy theories according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

In the Conspiracy Theory Experiment mentioned in the text, what was the main result?

Most students reported they wouldn't be involved in illegal activities Signup and view all the answers

What was one factor that explained variations in student learning according to the text?

Insufficient engagement by students Signup and view all the answers

What did Tulsi Gabbard apologize for in 2012?

Working for an anti-gay organization Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, what did the black umbrella symbolize?

A metaphor for magic and empiricism Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme regarding leaders mentioned in the text?

Charisma is a crucial leadership trait Signup and view all the answers

Why do some schools struggle to produce student learning according to the text?

Investing heavily in educational amenities Signup and view all the answers

What did Richard Arum's longitudinal study find about student learning?

%36 of college students showed no learning growth Signup and view all the answers

What does Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic suggest about men and leadership?

'Confidence' is a strong predictor of career success Signup and view all the answers

How did Gabbard justify why LGBT voters should trust her?

'By serving LGBT people for many years' Signup and view all the answers

What was one primary focus of the text regarding leadership traits?

'The link between charisma and competence' Signup and view all the answers

Why does using fear as a tool of influence work effectively?

People respond automatically to fear without thinking. Signup and view all the answers

In the Hotel Towel Example, what was the impact of the signages stating 'the majority of our guests who stay at our hotel recycle their towels at least once'?

Resulted in a 34% increase in towel recycling behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Why do signs saying 'many failed to vote and caused damage to the Democratic party' not work in getting more people to vote?

They imply that everybody else is doing something wrong. Signup and view all the answers

What word is identified as the most influential in persuasion according to the text?

"Because" Signup and view all the answers

Why are people more likely to comply with requests when followed by a reason with 'because'?

'Because' provides a logical justification for the request. Signup and view all the answers

What neural correlate is activated in the brain when a person acts against the group or crowd according to the text?

Brain area correlated with conflict and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of social proof based on?

The idea becomes more valid as it is more grounded in the crowd. Signup and view all the answers

How does the principle of social proof influence people's decision-making?

It leads people to make choices based on the wisdom of the crowd. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does negative information have on individuals according to the text?

Negative information is more powerful than potential gains. Signup and view all the answers

How does the text advise against selecting leaders?

By focusing primarily on competence and integrity. Signup and view all the answers

In what context does the rule of reciprocation come into play according to the text?

In situations where gifts influence people's behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How can negative campaigning be countered based on the text?

By addressing potential losses more powerfully than potential gains. Signup and view all the answers

'Don't worry what other people think of you' represents a misguided approach to nurturing leaders according to the text because it:

Produces leaders who are unaware of their limitations but pleased with themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What does the example of Barack Obama holding speeches in a stadium with 70,000 people illustrate according to the text?

The approval of 70,000 people as social proof. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text emphasize looking for the RIGHT leadership potential?

To ensure incompetent men do not become leaders. Signup and view all the answers

What role does intuition play in effective leadership selection according to the text?

Intuition should be distrusted when choosing leaders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the projection bias?

Putting our own selves in other people's shoes to understand their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In the Animation Experiment 'Intentionality Bias', what were the results of the original version from the 1940s?

Most individuals interpreted the shapes' movements as depicting different narratives. Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion drawn from Karen Douglas' version of the 'Intentionality Bias' experiment?

Individuals more inclined to see the world in terms of motives and intents are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers

How did Rob Brotherton's 'Intentionality Bias' experiment relate to belief in conspiracy theories?

Positive correlation between interpreting ambiguous sentences as intentional and belief in conspiracy theories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Proportionality Bias?

Difficulty thinking that big events could have been caused by something small and insignificant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pattern-Recognition Bias based on?

The tendency to seek out patterns even if they are irrelevant or nonsensical. Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with Pattern-Recognition Bias behave when shown noisy static patterns?

They endorse conspiracy theories based on the patterns they see. Signup and view all the answers

'Intentionality Bias' is related to which specific aspect mentioned in the text?

'Failure to override intentionality biases' Signup and view all the answers

'Proportionality Bias' specifically involves attributing big causes to small events, true or false?

'False' Signup and view all the answers

'Pattern-Recognition Bias' is more likely to occur when individuals feel a sense of control over their circumstances, true or false?