Mitosis and Meiosis Quiz Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are sister chromatids?

Cell division process

Long strands of DNA

The region that holds chromosomes together

Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome (correct)

What is chromatin?

Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus

What is the function of the centromere?

Holds two sister chromatids together during mitosis

What is cell division?

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

Define mitosis.

Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell cycle?

A series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the G1 phase?

Cell grows Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the S phase?

Cell copies its chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during G2 phase?

Cell grows more and prepares for division Signup and view all the answers

Define the mitotic phase.

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell is actively dividing Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

Stage of cell cycle where cytoplasm divides Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

The period during which the nucleus is not dividing Signup and view all the answers

Describe prophase in mitosis.

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down Signup and view all the answers

What is the centrosome?

Centers of dynamic activity in mitosis; produces mitotic spindle Signup and view all the answers

What are spindle microtubules?

Filaments responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is a kinetochore?

Specialized region on the centromere that links sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle Signup and view all the answers

Define metaphase.

Second phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up across the center Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate as centromeres come apart Signup and view all the answers

Describe telophase.

Final stage of mitosis where nuclear membranes form around new chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a cleavage furrow?

The first sign of cytokinesis in animal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell plate?

Double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell Signup and view all the answers

What does the cell cycle control system do?

Triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle Signup and view all the answers

Define a tumor.

An abnormal mass of tissue that serves no purpose Signup and view all the answers

What is a somatic cell?

Any cell of a plant or animal except reproductive cells Signup and view all the answers

Define sex chromosomes.

Chromosomes that determine the individual's sex Signup and view all the answers

What are autosomes?

Chromosomes not involved in determining sex Signup and view all the answers

What does diploid mean?

Having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number Signup and view all the answers

Define haploid.

Having only one complete set of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Sex cells Signup and view all the answers

What is fertilization?

Creation by the physical union of male and female gametes Signup and view all the answers

Define a zygote.

Fertilized egg or the product of two joined gametes Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Signup and view all the answers

Describe prophase 1 in meiosis.

DNA coils tightly, spindle fibers appear, and chromosomes line up next to homologues Signup and view all the answers

What happens during metaphase 1 in meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes line up randomly along the midline Signup and view all the answers

Define homologous chromosomes.

Matching pair of chromosomes, one from each parent Signup and view all the answers

What are homologs?

Matching chromosomes that are similar but not identical Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase 1 in meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes separate Signup and view all the answers

Describe telophase 1 in meiosis.

Chromosomes reach the opposite ends of the cell and cytokinesis begins Signup and view all the answers

What happens during cytokinesis in meiosis?

The cell splits into 2 daughter cells with chromatids in each Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis II?

The second division of the two-stage meiosis process Signup and view all the answers

Define a tetrad.

Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

Interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division Terminology

Sister Chromatid: Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome, linked by a centromere.
Chromatin: Long, unwound strands of DNA in eukaryotic nuclei that condense to form chromosomes.
Centromere: The chromosome region that holds sister chromatids together during mitosis.
Cell Division: The process where a single cell divides into two new daughter cells.
Mitosis: A type of cell division resulting in two nuclei, each having the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
Cell Cycle: A series of events that govern cellular growth and division, consisting of various phases.

Cell Cycle Phases

G1 Phase: The first growth phase where the cell grows and synthesizes proteins.
S Phase: The phase where the cell replicates its chromosomes while continuing to grow.
G2 Phase: A second growth phase, where the cell prepares for division by synthesizing necessary components.
Mitotic Phase: The active phase of the cell cycle where the cell undergoes division.
Interphase: The period when the cell is not dividing, but preparing for division.

Mitosis Stages

Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; the nuclear envelope disintegrates and centrosomes move apart.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in the cell's center, connected to spindle fibers.
Anaphase: The centromeres split, separating sister chromatids that move to opposite poles; the cell elongates.
Telophase: Nuclear membranes form around each chromosome set, marking the end of mitosis.

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm during the cell cycle, leading to the formation of two separate daughter cells.
Cleavage Furrow: The first sign of cytokinesis in animal cells, forming a groove at the cell surface.
Cell Plate: A structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells, leading to new cell wall formation.

Genetic Terminology

Somatic Cell: Any non-reproductive cell in an organism.
Sex Chromosomes: One of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.
Autosomes: Chromosomes that are not involved in determining sex.
Diploid: Cells possessing two sets of chromosomes.
Haploid: Cells containing one complete set of chromosomes.
Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid.
Fertilization: The process of combining male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Zygote: The fertilized egg resulting from the union of gametes.

Meiosis

Meiosis: A specialized type of cell division to produce gametes, resulting in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
Prophase I: Chromosomes condense and double; homologous chromosomes pair and may undergo crossing over.
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align along the cell's midline, connected by spindle fibers.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate, with both members moving to opposite poles.
Telophase I: Chromosomes reach the cell poles; cytokinesis results in two daughter cells.
Meiosis II: The second division reducing cells further, halving the chromosome number again.

Genetic Variability

Tetrad: A group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis.
Crossing Over: The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
Karyotype: An arrangement of chromosomes in a cell, used to visualize chromosomal abnormalities.
Nondisjunction: The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, potentially leading to genetic disorders.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to mitosis and meiosis with these flashcards. Each card provides a definition of essential terms such as sister chromatids, chromatin, and centromeres to enhance your understanding of cell division processes.