Mindfulness and Reappraisal Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was a key factor that distinguished breast cancer survivors who thrived from those who did not?

Being in denial about the severity of their illness

Their view that their lives had been altered for the better after developing the disease (correct)

Undergoing the latest medical treatments

Receiving positive support from family and friends

What did the classic study of female breast cancer survivors reveal about their perspective?

Many reported that their lives had been altered for the better after developing the disease (correct)

They felt that their lives were ruined after the diagnosis

Most of them regretted not seeking treatment earlier

They were all in denial about the severity of their illness

What is the reappraisal strategy mentioned in the text primarily about?

Blaming others for one's own shortcomings

Suppressing negative emotions to avoid stress

Perceiving failure as feedback for learning and success (correct)

Denying the existence of obstacles

What do negative emotions tell individuals, according to the text?

What they really want because they're never so clear about it as when they're experiencing the absence of it Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques?

Changing maladaptive thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy focuses more on changing one’s relationship to maladaptive thinking?

Mindfulness therapies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of cognitive reappraisal or cognitive restructuring?

To change the affective impact of situations and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What did the Tugade & Fredrickson (2004) study reveal about cognitive reappraisal?

It led to relatively greater experiences of positive emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily recruited during cognitive reappraisal to modulate emotional responding?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard technique used in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

Cognitive reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

What do newer variants of CBT, such as mindfulness therapies, focus more on?

Changing one’s relationship to maladaptive thinking Signup and view all the answers

What do neuroimaging studies suggest about the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive reappraisal?

Reappraisal recruits control regions primarily in the prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is NOT mentioned as being activated during negative cognitive reappraisal?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What did EEG studies correlate cognitive reappraisal with?

Reduction in late positive potential (LPP) Signup and view all the answers

For which type of stressors may cognitive reappraisal be maladaptive?

Controllable stressors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reappraisal decreased the intensity of amygdala activation?

Negative reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reappraisal may require more cognitive effort and engagement with the emotional stimulus?

Positive reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

What did positive reappraisal lead to the largest increase in?

Positive emotion Signup and view all the answers

What did research studies indicate people’s self-ratings of mood correlated with?

Neurophysiological measures of negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

What did newer variants of CBT may incorporate as a key strategy for emotion regulation?

Cognitive reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

What did various neuroimaging and EEG studies provide insights into?

The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a brain region involved in emotion regulation?

Occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What did higher cognitive-reappraisal ability correlate with for participants with uncontrollable stress?

Lower levels of depression Signup and view all the answers

What did higher cognitive-reappraisal ability correlate with for participants with controllable stress?

Greater levels of depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of newer variants of CBT in contrast to traditional CBT?

Utilizing emotions to guide thoughts Signup and view all the answers

How do emotions serve in the newer variants of CBT?

As a guidance system for aligning thoughts with personal best interests Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates choosing positive thoughts and releasing negative ones in the context of emotions and thoughts?

Becoming aware of the 'feeling tone' behind thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended focus in terms of feeling good and others' opinions?

Prioritizing feeling good and less on others' opinions Signup and view all the answers

What can establish a positive mindset according to the text?

Setting an intention to think good feeling thoughts upon waking Signup and view all the answers

What is key to sustaining positive thoughts throughout the day?

Finding opportunities to appreciate things Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to overcome the urge to criticize, according to the text?

Engaging in activities like playing with a pet or singing Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Follow your bliss' concept suggest?

Pursuing personal fulfillment leads to meeting like-minded individuals and opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What do reappraisal study findings indicate about positive reappraisal?

It leads to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance Signup and view all the answers

What happens to positive emotion when participants challenge the reality of what they saw?

They show smaller increases in positive emotion Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of suppressing emotions according to the text?

Less positive emotion, greater negative emotion, and worse interpersonal functioning Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of reappraisal tactics according to the text?

Focusing on future gains and considering how a setback might lead to a better outcome Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of watching a video that depicted stress as enhancing on the bank managers?

Significant drop in stress levels and health problems, and a significant increase in work efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What did medical students with high Emotional Intelligence (EI) experience when asked to perform a novel surgical task?

Greater levels of subjective stress and objective stress, as indicated by increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the 'enhancing' stress video on the participants' stress levels and health problems?

Significant drop in stress levels and health problems Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Emotional Intelligence (EI) have on medical students' after-task recovery?

Those with higher EI showed better after-task recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Behavioral Activation for depression?

Rating the degree of pleasure and accomplishment during specific activities Signup and view all the answers

What does the hourly self-monitoring chart in Behavioral Activation help track?

Activities and their impact on mood Signup and view all the answers

What does the fMRI study reveal about Behavioral Activation Therapy for depression?

It was associated with functional changes in structures that mediate responses to rewards Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of 'Mapping Your Life' technique in Behavioral Activation?

Evaluation of effects of rumination Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach in 'Start Small' technique for motivating oneself to do something?

Start with very small steps Signup and view all the answers

What did the fMRI study reveal about the impact of Behavioral Activation on reward structures?

It improved functioning of unique reward structures Signup and view all the answers

What do negative rituals introduced in Behavioral Activation aim to do?

Refrain from doing certain things at specific times Signup and view all the answers

What did students engaged in behavioral change projects report as the most effective way to study harder?

Limiting specific time-killing activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Behavioral Activation for depression or stress/anxiety?

Developing an understanding of the relationship between actions and emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of the 'Start Small' technique?

Starting with very small steps Signup and view all the answers

What did the fMRI study reveal about the impact of Behavioral Activation on the brain structures mediating responses to rewards?

It was associated with functional changes in these structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach in 'Start Small' technique for changing a habit?

Start with very small steps Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Jeffrey Schwartz’s CBT technique for treatment of OCD?

Mindfulness practice and learning to experience OCD symptoms without reacting emotionally Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach in Jeffrey Schwartz’s CBT technique when experiencing an OCD symptom?

Attend to the bare facts of the perception without reacting emotionally Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept underlying Jeffrey Schwartz’s CBT technique for treatment of OCD?

Realizing that the feeling of something being amiss is just the manifestation of overactivity in the OCD circuit Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method used in recent neuroimaging studies on biomarkers for treatment response and recurrence of depression?

Volumetric MRI Signup and view all the answers

What did the review article hypothesize as a potential reason for the inconsistent results in neuroimaging studies of depression?

Small sample size Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge associated with optogenetics in humans?

Invasive procedure for microinjection of viruses Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of reactivating pleasant memories in the mice in the follow-up study?

Mice behaved like those that had never been depressed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for implantation of a light fiber with an adaptor to interface with a laser in optogenetics?

Genetic engineering of cells to produce opsins Signup and view all the answers

What is the probable circuit supporting improvement in depression symptoms identified by the researchers?

Hippocampus-amygdala-nucleus accumbens pathway Signup and view all the answers

What did the researchers find to be the reason that natural positive experiences did not improve depression symptoms as much as reactivating an old memory?

Depression prevented finding natural experiences rewarding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge associated with implantation of a light fiber in optogenetics?

Considered risky Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential alternative to implantation of a light fiber in optogenetics?

Light stimulation via the aural canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of optogenetics in humans according to the text?

No real breakthroughs yet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of reactivating cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in optogenetics?

To improve depression symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of using optogenetics in humans according to the text?

Invasive genetic engineering procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is a technique used in CBT for OCD to help patients regain control over obsessive thoughts?

Relabeling Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily associated with hyperactivity in OCD, forming the 'worry circuit'?

Orbitofrontal and striatum regions Signup and view all the answers

What did PET studies show about the effect of CBT on brain activity in the caudate-orbital-thalamic brain circuit?

Reduces metabolic activity Signup and view all the answers

What did a follow-up PET-fMRI study find about the correlation between CBT and OCD symptoms improvement?

Increased activity in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex Signup and view all the answers

What did a review article conclude about the association of CBT or IPT for depression with brain activity changes?

They are associated with changes in brain activity Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily associated with therapy outcomes for depression in terms of altered brain functioning?

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What did a study on patients with major depression find about the effect of CBT on brain activity?

Decreased activation in frontal cortex and increased activation in hippocampus and dorsal cingulate Signup and view all the answers

What did patients treated with SSRIs show in terms of brain activity changes compared to CBT?

Increased activation in prefrontal and decreased activation in hippocampus and subgenual cingulate Signup and view all the answers

What is proposed to be critical for disease remission in CBT for depression?

Overall modulation of the complex system Signup and view all the answers

What may reduction in medial frontal activity with CBT be associated with?

Reduction in rumination Signup and view all the answers

What did increased hippocampal activity with CBT may be associated with?

Increased attention to environmental stimuli and sensitivity to context Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of CBT for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in terms of recognizing and regarding depressive thoughts?

As electrical events in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with brain changes that mirror drug-response patterns?

Placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment for depression is linked to increased activity in the frontal cortex and decreased activity in the subgenual cingulate?

Fluoxetine treatment Signup and view all the answers

What does CBT for PTSD lead to in terms of the amygdala and hippocampal volume?

Increased connectivity of the amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What does trauma-focused CBT lead to in terms of hippocampal volume and FKBP5 gene expression?

Increased hippocampal volume and increased FKBP5 gene expression Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in CBT for phobias, such as spider phobia?

Exposure-based treatment and education to correct misbeliefs Signup and view all the answers

What is becoming possible based on neuroimaging data for psychological disorders?

Tailoring treatment Signup and view all the answers

What did a PET study of OCD patients find in relation to response to behavioral therapy and fluoxetine?

Higher metabolism in the left frontal orbital cortex for behavioral therapy and lower metabolic activity for fluoxetine Signup and view all the answers

What predicts how well CBT reduces symptoms in social anxiety disorder?

Differences in brain structure and neural connectivity Signup and view all the answers

What did participants with social anxiety disorder who struggled most to avoid being distracted by threatening stimuli show the most improvement in when treated with CBT?

Symptom improvement Signup and view all the answers

What is behavioral activation therapy for depression linked to in terms of brain network connectivity?

Greater connectivity between the anterior insular cortex and the middle temporal gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What is unclear in terms of gender differences in response to CBT and implications for generalization to the male population?

The generalization of research findings to the male population Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mindfulness and Reappraisal Strategies for Emotional Well-being

Newer variants of CBT utilize emotions to guide thoughts, in contrast to traditional CBT
Emotions serve as a guidance system for aligning thoughts with personal best interests
Becoming aware of the "feeling tone" behind thoughts facilitates choosing positive thoughts and releasing negative ones
Focus on prioritizing feeling good and less on others' opinions
Setting an intention to think good feeling thoughts upon waking can establish a positive mindset
Sustaining positive thoughts throughout the day and finding opportunities to appreciate things is key
Engaging in activities like playing with a pet or singing to overcome the urge to criticize is recommended
"Follow your bliss" concept suggests that pursuing personal fulfillment leads to meeting like-minded individuals and opportunities
Reappraisal study findings indicate that positive reappraisal leads to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance
Participants challenging the reality of what they saw showed smaller increases in positive emotion
Suppression of emotions leads to less positive emotion, greater negative emotion, and worse interpersonal functioning
Examples of reappraisal tactics include focusing on future gains and considering how a setback might lead to a better outcome

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Brain Activity Changes

CBT for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves techniques like relabeling, reattributing, refocusing, and revaluing to help patients regain control over obsessive thoughts.
OCD is characterized by hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal and striatum regions, forming the "worry circuit."
PET studies show that CBT reduces metabolic activity in the caudate-orbital-thalamic brain circuit, similar to the effect of pharmacotherapy with SSRIs.
A follow-up PET-fMRI study found that CBT leads to robust improvement in OCD symptoms, with a correlation between symptom improvement and increased activity in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
Research on OCD was among the first to demonstrate that altering thought patterns can change brain activity.
CBT for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) involves recognizing and regarding depressive thoughts as electrical events in the brain, and a review article concluded that CBT or Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) for depression is associated with changes in brain activity.
Therapy outcomes for depression are primarily associated with altered functioning in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal regions, anterior and posterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal regions.
Conflicting findings exist on whether there is increased or decreased function in these areas, possibly due to different pathways for resolving issues related to emotional dysregulation.
A study on patients with major depression found that CBT resulted in decreased activation in frontal cortex and increased activation in hippocampus and dorsal cingulate, leading to significant clinical improvement.
Patients treated with SSRIs showed increased activation in prefrontal and decreased activation in hippocampus and subgenual cingulate, resulting in opposite changes compared to CBT.
It is proposed that the overall modulation of the complex system, rather than focal regional changes, may be critical for disease remission in CBT for depression.
Reduction in medial frontal activity with CBT may be associated with a reduction in rumination, and increased hippocampal activity may be associated with increased attention to environmental stimuli and sensitivity to context.

Neuroimaging and Treatment for Psychological Disorders

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on improving current relationships and has been found to prevent relapse more effectively than antidepressant medication alone
Placebo effect is associated with brain changes that mirror drug-response patterns
Fluoxetine treatment for depression is linked to increased activity in the frontal cortex and decreased activity in the subgenual cingulate
CBT for PTSD is associated with increased connectivity of the amygdala with the fronto-parietal network and increased hippocampal volume
Trauma-focused CBT leads to increased hippocampal volume and increased FKBP5 gene expression, predicting improvement in PTSD symptoms
CBT for phobias, such as spider phobia, involves gradual exposure-based treatment and education to correct misbeliefs about spiders
Tailoring treatment based on neuroimaging data for psychological disorders is becoming possible
PET study of OCD patients found that response to behavioral therapy was associated with higher metabolism in the left frontal orbital cortex, while lower metabolic activity was linked to better response to fluoxetine
Differences in brain structure and neural connectivity predict how well CBT reduces symptoms in social anxiety disorder
Participants with social anxiety disorder who struggled most to avoid being distracted by threatening stimuli showed the most symptom improvement when treated with CBT
Behavioral activation therapy for depression is linked to greater brain network connectivity between the anterior insular cortex and the middle temporal gyrus
Gender differences in response to CBT and implications for generalization to the male population are unclear, as research on this topic is limited

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Description

Test your knowledge of mindfulness and reappraisal strategies for enhancing emotional well-being with this quiz. Explore the concepts of utilizing emotions to guide thoughts, setting intentions for positive thinking, and engaging in activities to overcome negativity. Gain insights into the benefits of positive reappraisal and the impact of emotion suppression on interpersonal functioning.