Microscopic Anatomy of Nephron
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Microscopic Anatomy of Nephron

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that influences the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

  • Size of the afferent arterioles
  • Rate of blood flow through the kidney (correct)
  • Amount of reabsorbed sodium
  • Concentration of proteins in plasma
  • Which substance is NOT typically found in glomerular filtrate?

  • Amino acids
  • Sodium
  • Glucose
  • Proteins (correct)
  • In which part of the nephron does active transport of sodium occur?

  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) (correct)
  • Descending loop of Henle
  • Ascending loop of Henle
  • Collecting duct
  • Which hormone influences the reabsorption of potassium in the nephron?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily influences the movement of water during reabsorption?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What encourages chloride ions to move during reabsorption?

    <p>Negative charge in the tubular lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not actively transported during reabsorption?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor enhances calcium reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of tubular reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) play in urine volume regulation?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of tubular secretion?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does angiotensin II have?

    <p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the sodium gradient in the nephron?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are primarily secreted at the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>H, K, and ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron?

    <p>Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the renal corpuscle is responsible for the actual filtration of blood?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells primarily line the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Cuboidal cells with microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the distilled convoluted tubule in the nephron?

    <p>Regulating urine volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the loop of Henle descend from?

    <p>Cortex to medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Are involved in oxygen transfer and substance return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the blood in the efferent glomerular arterioles?

    <p>It is still oxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action primarily occurs in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Determination of urine volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the filtration process in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Plasma is filtered to form glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is primarily composed of which cell type?

    <p>Podocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the actions of the sympathetic nervous system described in relation to the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulate vasoconstriction of renal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur during tubular secretion?

    <p>Waste products are removed from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the nephron's function?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microscopic Anatomy

    • The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is involved in filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
    • The number of nephrons per kidney varies by species and animal size
      • Cats: 200,000/kidney
      • Dogs: 700,000/kidney
      • Sheep, pigs, humans: 1,000,000/kidney
      • Cows: 4,000,000/kidney

    Nephron Components

    • Renal corpuscle:
      • Located in the cortex
      • Composed of the glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) and Bowman's capsule (double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus)
      • The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is made up of podocytes, which have spaces between them for filtration
      • The capsular space is between the visceral and parietal layers and connects to the proximal convoluted tubule.
      • It functions to filter blood and create urine.
    • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT):
      • Continuation of the capsular space
      • Longest part of the tubular system
      • Composed of cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli, which aid in absorption.
    • Loop of Henle:
      • Extends from the PCT, descending from the cortex to the medulla and then back to the cortex
      • Descending limb: cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
      • U-turn: simple squamous epithelium, no brush border
      • Ascending limb: cuboidal epithelium, no microvilli
    • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts:
      • The DCT continues from the ascending loop of Henle and empties into collecting ducts.
      • Collecting ducts transport tubular filtrate through the medulla to the calyces, renal pelvis, and ultimately to the ureter.
      • Important functions of the collecting ducts include:
        • Urine volume determination (ADH action)
        • Potassium regulation
        • Acid-base balance

    Renal Nerve Supply

    • The sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system governs renal vasoconstriction.
    • Vasoconstriction increases renal blood pressure and filtration rate

    Renal Blood Supply

    • The kidneys receive 25% of cardiac output
    • Blood flow: renal artery -> arteries -> arterioles -> afferent glomerular arterioles -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent glomerular arterioles -> peritubular capillaries -> veins -> renal vein
    • Afferent glomerular arterioles carry blood to the glomerular capillaries which filter plasma (glomerular filtrate) into Bowman's capsule.
    • Efferent glomerular arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus (still oxygenated).
    • Peritubular capillaries branch from the efferent glomerular arterioles:
      • Oxygen transfer occurs here
      • Substances are reabsorbed back into the blood and secreted into the tubules.

    Mechanisms of Renal Action

    • Filtration: Occurs in the renal corpuscle
      • The glomerular capillaries have high blood pressure due to the size difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles (afferent diameter > efferent).
      • Glomerular fenestrations aid in filtration.
      • Glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma but lacks proteins.
    • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):
      • Represents the rate at which plasma is filtered through the glomerulus.
      • Depends on the rate of blood flow through the kidney.
      • Measured in mL/min.
      • Approximately 25% of plasma is filtered each minute.
    • Reabsorption:
      • Substances move from the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries through osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.
      • Path of reabsorption: tubular lumen -> tubular epithelium -> interstitial fluid -> endothelium -> peritubular capillaries.
    • Secretion:
      • Eliminates substances not adequately filtered by the GFR.
      • Path of secretion: peritubular capillaries -> interstitial fluid -> tubular epithelial cells -> tubular filtrate.
      • DCT is the main site for tubular secretion.

    Key Substances Reabsorbed and Secreted:

    • Reabsorbed Substances:
      • Sodium (Na)
      • Potassium (K)
      • Calcium (Ca)
      • Magnesium (Mg)
      • Glucose
      • Amino acids
      • Chloride (Cl)
      • Bicarbonate (HCO3)
      • Water
    • Secreted Substances:
      • Hydrogen (H)
      • Potassium (K)
      • Ammonia
      • Antibiotics (penicillin, some sulfas)

    Urine Volume Regulation

    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
      • Released from the posterior pituitary gland
      • Acts on the DCT and collecting ducts to promote water reabsorption.
      • Without ADH, water reabsorption is reduced, resulting in increased urine production.
    • Aldosterone:
      • Released from the adrenal cortex
      • Acts on the DCT and collecting ducts, regulating sodium gradients to control water reabsorption.
      • Increased aldosterone promotes sodium retention and water reabsorption

    Regulation of Blood Pressure

    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS):
      • Activated in response to low blood pressure.
      • Juxtaglomerular cells (located in the afferent glomerular arterioles) monitor blood pressure.
      • Macula densa (within the ascending loop of Henle) monitors NaCl concentration of the tubular filtrate.
      • If low blood pressure or low sodium is detected, the juxtaglomerular cells release renin.
    • Renin:
      • Splits angiotensin I from angiotensinogen.
    • Angiotensin I:
      • Converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
    • Angiotensin II:
      • Causes arterial constriction, increasing blood pressure.
      • Stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal glands.
      • Aldosterone increases sodium and water reabsorption, further increasing blood pressure.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate structure of the nephron, the fundamental unit of kidney function. This quiz covers key components such as the renal corpuscle, glomerulus, and proximal convoluted tubule, along with variations in nephron count across species. Test your knowledge on filtration and urine formation processes.

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