Microbiology I - Chemical Composition of Bacteria

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Questions and Answers

What type of bacteria cannot reproduce in an oxygenated environment?

Heterotrophic microorganisms

Obligate anaerobic bacteria (correct)

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Autotrophic microorganisms

What is the maximum time anaerobic bacteria can maintain their vitality in an oxygenated environment?

6 hours

1 hour

10 minutes (correct)

72 hours

Which type of microorganisms obtain carbon from organic compounds?

Autotrophic microorganisms

Obligate anaerobes

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Heterotrophic microorganisms (correct)

Which nitrogen source is NOT commonly utilized by bacteria?

Sulfur compounds Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in the microbial environment?

Exchange of nutrients and metabolites Signup and view all the answers

Which group of microorganisms develops when oxygen is limited but carbon dioxide is abundant?

B.abortus and C.fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a lack of mineral material for bacteria?

Negatively affects growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances do microorganisms need in varying quantities according to their structure?

Inorganic minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which inorganic substance constitutes the largest percentage of bacteria in their vegetative form?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macromolecules is primarily responsible for forming the bacterial cell wall?

Complex polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What term describes bacteria that can grow in minimal nutrient environments?

Prototrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria requires oxygen but can also grow without it?

Facultative Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial structure is primarily composed of lipopolysaccharides?

Cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of vitamins in bacterial nutrition?

Enzyme co-factors Signup and view all the answers

Which inorganic substance is not typically listed as necessary for bacterial nutrition?

Phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is primarily found in bacterial capsules?

Homopolysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is not synthesized by bacteria and must be obtained from the environment?

Pantothenic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of reproductive factors in bacteria?

Enhance catabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism acquires nutrients from organic substances?

Chemoheterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which group of microorganisms uses sunlight as their energy source to exploit inorganic compounds?

Photoautotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoautotrophs?

They provide necessary nutrients from minimal inorganic substances Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms obtain energy from the oxidation of organic substances?

Chemoheterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is a precursor of coenzymes and must be supplied in the bacterial environment?

Thiamin (Vit-B1) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of microorganisms based on their nutrition?

Saprozoic microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship describes one microorganism benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

In a synergistic relationship, which statement is true?

Neither organism can cause infection on its own. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of antagonism?

E. coli producing colicin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of parasitism among microorganisms?

One organism harms the other while benefiting. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs demonstrates synergism?

Sphaerophorus necrophorus and Fusiformus nodosus Signup and view all the answers

What defines the relationship of mutualism?

Both organisms benefit from the relationship. Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves microorganisms killing or inhibiting others through toxic substances?

Antagonism Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mutual relationships, what is a key feature of parasitism compared to commensalism?

One organism is harmed while the other benefits. Signup and view all the answers

What defines paratrophic microorganisms?

They synthesize energy from their host's biosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms?

Parasitic microorganisms cause harm to their hosts, while saprophytic do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes microorganisms that cannot survive outside of their specific environment?

Obligate microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

In which type of symbiotic relationship do two organisms benefit each other?

Mutualism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the coexistence of multiple different species in a symbiotic relationship?

Symbiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting while the other is unaffected?

Commensalism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following relationships is often detrimental to the host organism?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to organisms that can live outside their preferred environment occasionally?

Facultative microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology I - General Bacteriology

Course instructor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Halit ŞÜKÜR
Contact information: [email protected]
Institution: Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology

Chemical Composition of Bacteria

Inorganic substances: Water (70-90% in vegetative form, 5-20% in spores), Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Aluminum, Zinc, Molybdenum.
Organic substances: Compounds such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, organic acids, coenzymes, free sulfur, enzymes, pigment agents, antibiotics, vitamins (Bacteria makes up 40-90% of its dry weight).

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

Proteins: Lipoprotein (cell wall), Flagellin (flagellum), Pilin (fimbria).
Carbohydrates: Homopolysaccharides (dextran), Heteropolysaccharides (teichoic acid/hyaluronic acid), Complex polysaccharides (peptidoglycan) (capsule, cell wall/capsule, cell wall).
Lipids: Lipid (cell wall), Lipoprotein (cell wall), Lipopolysaccharide (cell wall).
Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)

Nutrition of Bacteria

Organisms need food for energy, building components, reproduction, and survival.
Some substances are obtained from the environment, while others are synthesized within the cell.
Bacteria exhibit a diverse range of nutritional requirements. Some can thrive on minimal nutrients (protrophs), while others require complex media (auxotrophs).

Inorganic Substances

Oxygen (O2): Aerobic, facultative, microaerophilic, anaerobic, obligate/obligatory anaerobic; aerotolerant anaerobic (differ in oxygen requirements).
Carbon dioxide (CO2): Most microbes need atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Some can thrive in environments with lower oxygen levels but higher carbon dioxide levels
Carbon (C): Important component of bacteria structure. Autotrophic bacteria utilize inorganic compounds, while heterotrophic bacteria utilize organic compounds as carbon sources.
Nitrogen (N): Important for enzymes, production factors, and nucleic acids. Bacteria obtain nitrogen from atmospheric gases or organic/inorganic compounds.
Water (H₂O): Crucial for transport, chemical reactions, and metabolism in bacteria.
Minerals: Needed for structural components and enzyme activity (e.g., iron, phosphorus, potassium). Deficiency can negatively impact growth and development.

Organic Substances

Vitamins: Essential for coenzyme formation. Many bacteria cannot synthesize vitamins and acquire them from their environment; some microbes (yeasts) can produce certain B vitamins, which might be added to growth media.
Reproductive factors: Important for functions such as reproduction, not directly related to structure (e.g., inositol, asparagin, spermidine, putrescine, permine, choline, sterol, glutamine, etc.)

Classification of Microorganisms According to Nutrition

I. Autotrophic: Obtain nutrients from simple inorganic substances.
- Chemoautotrophs: Obtain energy via inorganic compounds oxidation.
- Photoautotrophs: Obtain energy from sunlight using inorganic compounds.
II. Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients from organic substances
- Chemoheterotrophs: Obtain energy via organic compounds oxidation.
- Photohetertrophs: Obtain energy from sunlight using organic compounds.
III. Paratrophic: Obtain nutrition from energy produced from the synthesis events in the host cell.
- Saprophytic: Obtain nutrients from inanimate matter.
- Parasitic: Obtain nutrients from a living organism, often causing harm.
- Obligate: Can only survive in specific environments, losing their viability outside of that specific conditions,
- Facultative: Can live inside/outside the host organisms.

Mutual Relationships Between Organisms

Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other isn't affected.
Synergism: Two or more microorganisms working together to produce a result neither could achieve alone.
Antagonism/Antibiosis: One organism preventing or killing another through the release of toxic compounds, (e.g., antibiotics).
Parasitism: One organism benefits at the expense of another (harmful effects on the host),
Opportunism: Organism causes disease only under specific conditions and/or due to a failure in the host defenses
Competition: Different microorganisms compete for the same resources.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the chemical composition of bacteria in Microbiology I. This quiz covers both inorganic and organic substances found in bacteria, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Perfect for students pursuing microbiology or related fields.