Microbiology-1 English (4th Week) PDF

MICROBIOLOGY-I GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY Assist. Prof. Dr. Halit ŞÜKÜR ([email protected]) Near East University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BACTERIA Inorganic substances Water (vegetative form 70-90%, spore 5-...

MICROBIOLOGY-I GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY Assist. Prof. Dr. Halit ŞÜKÜR ([email protected]) Near East University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Microbiology CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BACTERIA Inorganic substances Water (vegetative form 70-90%, spore 5-20%) Dry matter C,H,O, N,Ca,P,K,Na,Mg,Mn,Fe, Co, Cu, Al, Zn, Mo Organic substances (Bacteria constitutes 40-90% of their dry weight) Macromolecules Protein, polysaccharide, lipid, nucleic acid Micromolecules Amino acids, monosaccharides, organic acids, coenzymes Others Free Sulfur Enzymes Pigment agents Antibiotics Vitamins CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BACTERIA Proteins Lipoprotein………. cell wall Flagellin…………..flagellum Pilin……………….fimbria Carbohydrates Homopolysaccharides (dextran)……………………………. capsule Heteropolysaccharides (teichoic acid / hyaluronic acid)…… cell wall / capsule Complex polysaccharides (peptidoglycan)…………………. cell wall Lipids Lipid…………………..cell wall Lipoprotein……………cell wall Lipopolysaccharide..….cell wall Nucleic acids DNA……………………………………..RNA ( rRNA, tRNA, mRNA ) NUTRITION OF BACTERIA Organisms need to be fed and therefore take various foodstuffs in order to provide energy, make cellular components, reproduce and survive. Although some of these substances are obtained directly from the media, some of them are synthesized within the cell. Thus, micro and macro molecules necessary for life are prepared and used where necessary.  There are a wide variety of microorganisms with nutritional properties in nature. Some of them can grow and survive in minimal environments with very little nutrients (protroph). On the other hand, some of them, especially mutant strains, can survive in more complicated and enriched media (auxotrophs). NUTRITION OF BACTERIA The foodstuffs needed by microorganisms are of two types in terms of chemical structure: inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon Nitrogen Water ( H2O ) Minerals Organic substances Vitamins Reproductive factors  NUTRITION OF BACTERIA **INORGANIC SUBSTANCES** Oxygen (O2) Classification of microorganisms according to their oxygen requirement Aerobic Facultative Microaerophilic Anaerobic B. anthracis E. coli B. abortus Clostridium spp. P. multocidae S. enteritidis C. fetus S. necrophorus M. tuberculosis Obligate (obligatory) anaerobic bacteria cannot reproduce in an oxygenated environment and they can maintain their vitality in this environment for a maximum of 10 minutes. Aerotolerant anaerobes cannot grow in an oxygenated environment, but they can maintain their vitality for 6- 72 hours in this environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Most microorganisms need as much carbon dioxide as found in air. However, some microorganisms (B. abortus, C. fetus) may develop when the oxygen is less, but the carbon dioxide is more than the normal air. NUTRITION OF BACTERIA **INORGANIC SUBSTANCES** Carbon ( C ) Carbon is an important substance needed as it enters the structure of micro and macromolecules in bacteria. For carbon source; Autotrophic microorganisms ------------------ from inorganic compounds Heterotrophic microorganisms --------------- from organic compounds Nitrogen ( N ) Besides entering into the structure of various molecules in bacteria, nitrogen is also found in enzymes, production factors, purine and pyrimidine bases in nucleic acids. Therefore, it is a very important element and bacteria obtain it from various sources. For the nitrogen source; Gaseous nitrogen in air Nitrate / Nitrite Ammonium salts is used Water ( H2O ) It plays an important role in the exchange of nutrients, enzymes and metabolites in the water environment.  NUTRITION OF BACTERIA **INORGANIC SUBSTANCES** Minerals Microorganisms need various minerals according to the structure of various building materials and enzymes. The most needed substances are generally substances that are in the bacterial structure too much. Trace elements are cofactors for enzymes and essential for enzyme activity. Lack or scarcity of mineral material negatively affects the growth and development of bacteria. Most needed; Less needed; P Fe K Mn Mg Cu S Co Ca Zn  NUTRITION OF BACTERIA **ORGANIC SUBSTANCES** Vitamins Vitamins are substances that enter the structure of coenzymes and are their precursors. Bacteria generally cannot synthesize the vitamins and take them from the environment according to their needs. However, yeasts have the ability to synthesize B vitamins, so the yeast hydrolyzate or extracts are added to the nutrients to stimulate growth. Thiamin (Vit-B1) Riboflavin (Vit-B2) Pyridoxine (Vit- B6) Cyanocobalamin (Vit-B12) Biotin (Vit-H) Pantothenic acid Nicotine amide Reproductive factors The role of reproductive factors is catabolic rather than structural. Inositol , Aspargin, Spermidine, Putresin Permine, Choline, Sterol, Glutamine  CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS ACCORDING TO NUTRITION I-Autotrophic microorganisms Microorganisms belonging to this group provide the necessary nutrients from a few simple inorganic substances. Chemoautotroph (chemolytotroph) microorganisms *Microorganisms that provide them with the necessary energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances. Photoototroph (photootolithotroph) microorganisms * They are microorganisms that provide them with the necessary energy from sunlight.They use light energy to take advantage of inorganic compounds. II- Heterotrophic microorganisms *Microorganisms belonging to this group provide the necessary nutrients from organic substances. Chemoheterotroph (chemoorganotroph) microorganisms *Microorganisms that provide them with the necessary energy from the oxidation of organic substances. *pathogen microorganisms Photoheterotrophic (photoorganotroph) microorganisms * They are microorganisms that provide them with the necessary energy from sunlight. They use light energy to take advantage of organic compounds. III- Paratrophic microorganisms Microorganisms that provide the energy necessary for themselves from the energy produced by the biosynthesis events of the host cell  Saprophytic microorganisms: They obtain the food they need from inanimate matter. (does not cause disease)  Parasitic microorganisms: They obtain the necessary food from living organisms and cause various harms to the organisms in which they live. (they cause disease)  Obligate microorganisms: They cannot survive when they are out of the environment in which they live.  Facultative microorganisms: They can occasionally live outside the organism.  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS Microorganisms live and reproduce in nature or in the bodies of living things, usually not as a single population, but as a population formed by two or sometimes three active species. However, this statement should never mean that all pathogenic agents alone cannot cause disease. Because in many microorganisms as a single species in living things, it can initiate infection and cause disease. Although some microorganisms develop and reproduce more easily and better during their coexistence, it is often difficult to isolate them individually or it is not possible to reproduce them alone. Because they support each other's reproduction and activity by providing mutual benefits when they live together. The coexistence of more than one and different organisms is generally called symbiosis. Organisms exist in a symbiotic life in nature or living things in several ways. If one of the organisms (sembiont, symbiot) lives on its partner organism, it is called ectosymbiosis, if it lives in it, it is called endosymbiosis.  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 1) Mutualism 2) Commensalism 3) Synergism 4) Antagonism (Antibiosis) 5) Parasitism 6) Opportunism 7) Competition  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 1. MUTUALISM Microorganisms in such a symbiotic life benefit each other mutually. A ↔ B It is possible to find this kind of life among bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, parasites, protozoa and other organisms both in nature and in the bodies of living things. Ex ; Lactobacillus plantarum Streptococcus faecalis ↓ X ↓ pteroilglutamic acid fenilalanin  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 2. COMMENSALISM It is a common way of life among microorganisms in nature. In this type of coexistence, one microorganism benefits and the other neither benefits nor harms. A → B Ex ; S. faecalis E. coli Arginin---------------------------- ornitin ------------------------------- putresin  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 3. SYNERGISM Synergism refers to an infection or condition that is a result of two or more microorganisms that support each other's action. None of these factors alone can produce the same result. A----------------------------- Cannot cause infection (with complete clinical symtom) B------------------------------ Cannot cause infection (with complete clinical symtom) A + B ---------------- They cause infection Ex ; Sphaerophorus necrophorus + Fusiformus nodosus ------- Infectious foot rot (sheep) PPLO + P.multocidae veya M.haemolytica------------------- lamb pneumonia  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 4. ANTOGONISM (ANTIBIOSIS) Some organisms can prevent or kill other microorganisms by their direct or indirect effects, either directly or indirectly, by releasing some soluble substances (toxic substances, antibiotics, antifungal substances, bacteriocin etc.) into the environment in which they breed, by changing the surface tension of the environment's pH, osmotic pressure. A------------------ B ! Ex; -Colicin formed by E.coli and pyocyanin synthesized by P.aeroginosa have an inhibitory effect on those that do not synthesize them. -Antibiotics formed by fungi have a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect on many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.  MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS 5. PARASITISM Some microorganisms make use of the host they live in. They do not benefit the host, and even have a direct or indirect harmful effect. We can consider the pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, helminths, etc.) as parasites in humans and animals. They live to the detriment of their host. Bacteriophages and viruses are parasites of cells. 6. OPPORTUNISM Factors that normally live in various systems (digestive, respiratory, urogenital, etc.) or various parts of humans and animals ,but cannot cause disease, may cause disease as a result of deterioration of the health of the host or changes in environmental conditions. For example; Non-hemolytic streptococci or oral flora in the pharynx of humans can cause heart valves as a result of the deterioration of the balance to the host damage. Candida albicans may cause disease in some special cases (after antibiotic treatment). 7. COMPETITION It is a lifestyle that emerges as two factors in mutual competition for the same food, receptor, substrate, etc., one replacing the other. Examples of this are the interaction of antibiotics or the same receptor in the intestines, food, chemicals, etc. It is possible to see it among the microorganisms that share.