Microbiology and Public Health Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of normal flora that can be found in the human body?

  • E. coli (non toxigenic)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Candida yeast
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Normal flora can become pathogenic if conditions in the body change.

    True

    What role does microbiology play in public health?

    Microbiology is important for identifying diseases, tracking disease outbreaks, and controlling antimicrobial resistance.

    The organisms that live in benign symbiosis with the host are referred to as __________.

    <p>normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles of microbiology with their descriptions:

    <p>Identifying diseases = Recognizing pathogens Tracking disease outbreaks = Monitoring transmission patterns Tracking antimicrobial resistance = Assessing drug effectiveness Vaccination = Preventive measure against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of Type IV pili in bacteria?

    <p>Enables twitching motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peritrichous flagella can be found in E. coli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pili allows for the transfer of DNA between two bacteria?

    <p>Conjugative pili</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flagella in V. cholerae are crucial for its ______.

    <p>virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of flagella with their description:

    <p>Lophotrichous = Flagella located at one or both ends Amphitrichous = Tufts of flagella at one end Peritrichous = Flagella distributed all over the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is categorized as a high-risk organism with severe human disease potential?

    <p>Rabies virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BSL-4 facilities require personnel to wear pressurized suits with separate air supply.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of ACDP Category 4 organisms?

    <p>Causes severe human disease and may be hazardous to the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At BSL-2 facilities, work can be performed in __________ cabinets.

    <p>Biosafety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Biosafety Levels with their characteristics:

    <p>BSL-1 = No special precautions required BSL-2 = Restricted access and specific training needed BSL-3 = Under negative air pressure BSL-4 = Personnel wear pressurized suits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of BSL-3 facilities?

    <p>Personnel must wear gloves only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a pathogen categorized under ACDP Category 4.

    <p>Ebola virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BSL-1 laboratories can handle Category 4 organisms without any special precautions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is represented by a substitution of a single nucleotide?

    <p>Point mutation (SNP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher similarity in genetic sequences indicates that the organisms are more distantly related.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of phylogenetic trees?

    <p>To visualize evolutionary relationships between organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene mutations such as point mutations and ________ can change protein encoding.

    <p>insertions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of genetic change with its description:

    <p>Point mutation = Substitution of a single nucleotide Insertion = Addition of one or more nucleotide pairs Deletion = Removal of one or more nucleotide pairs Horizontal gene transfer = Transfer of genetic material between organisms without reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can produce a multiple sequence alignment (MSA)?

    <p>Comparative genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mecA gene is specifically associated with Staphylococcus aureus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher percentage similarity in genetic distance indicate?

    <p>A closer evolutionary relationship between the organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a beneficial mutation have on an organism?

    <p>Increases organism fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neutral mutation negatively impacts the fitness of an organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a method of bacterial evolution that leads to antibiotic resistance.

    <p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deleterious mutation __________ organism fitness.

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Beneficial Mutation = Increases organism fitness Neutral Mutation = No harmful or beneficial effect Deleterious Mutation = Decreases organism fitness Conjugation = Transfer of genetic material between bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can antibiotic usage create in bacterial populations?

    <p>Selective pressure on bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective pressure from antibiotics can lead to the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of spontaneous mutations in bacteria?

    <p>Improvement in yields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transfer of genetic material between bacteria is known as __________.

    <p>conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation occurs at a steady rate and has no net effect?

    <p>Neutral Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Campylobacter jejuni?

    <p>Microaerophilic organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptococcus mutans cannot tolerate oxygen in the air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which most bacteria reproduce?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time taken for a bacterial cell to reproduce is called the __________ time.

    <p>generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the bacterial growth phases with their descriptions:

    <p>Lag phase = No immediate increase in cell number Log phase = Maximum possible growth rate Stationary phase = Nutrients deplete and waste builds up Death phase = Cell death exceeds division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria has a generation time of approximately 30 minutes?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The GasPak and Candle methods ensure a true anaerobic environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the lag phase in bacterial growth?

    <p>Old cells are depleted and need time for synthesis of new components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the __________ phase, bacterial growth ceases due to depleted nutrients.

    <p>stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known for having a very long generation time of approximately 14 days?

    <p>Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Textbooks

    • Prescott's Microbiology (8th ed.) by Willey et al., published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
    • Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th ed.) by Madigan et al., published by Pearson.
    • Hugo & Russell's Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8th ed.) by Denyer et al., published by Blackwell Publishing.
    • Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation, and Sterilization (5th ed.) by Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe, published by Wiley-Blackwell.

    Learning Objectives

    • Gain awareness of basic microbiology principles
    • What is microbiology?
    • What are microorganisms?
    • How do we study microbes?
    • Describe and provide examples of relevant areas in which microbiology plays an important role.
    • Human health and wellbeing.
    • Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology.

    What is Microbiology?

    • The study of microorganisms (microbes).
    • Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, parasites, and protozoa.

    What are Microbes?

    • Microscopic (<1mm), often unicellular organisms.
    • Viruses are acellular.
    • Some fungi form multicellular structures.
    • Among the first organisms to evolve on Earth.
    • Exhibit the greatest genetic diversity of all living organisms.
    • Present in nearly every environment.
    • Not all microbes are "friendly" (some pathogenic).
    • 1012 human cells compared to 1014 microbes (in the human gut.)

    Top Causes of Death in the UK (1915-2015)

    • Infections, cancers, heart conditions were the major causes in different age groups.

    Microbes and Health

    • Not all microbes are harmless (some pathogenic).
    • Microbes can directly affect human health (both infectious and non-infectious diseases).
    • Introduction of penicillin (1940s) revolutionized modern medicine.

    Normal (Commensal) Flora

    • Organisms living in benign symbiosis with the human host.
    • Example: Non-toxigenic E. coli, lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida yeast.

    Medical Microbiology, Public Health, and Epidemiology

    • Plays a crucial role in public health.
    • Identifies diseases, tracks outbreaks, identifies treatments, and supports vaccination programs.
    • Mathematical modelling for disease progression and spread.

    Challenges in Medical Microbiology: Antibiotic Resistance

    • Misuse of antibiotics has accelerated the development of resistance.
    • Projected 10 million deaths annually by 2050 due to antibiotic resistance (AMR).
    • Causes significant economic loss.

    Microbiology in Biotechnology and Industry

    • Utilizes living systems/organisms to produce various products.
    • Molecular biology developments increase biotechnology scope.

    Biotechnology: Industrial Chemicals

    • Aspergillus niger (fungus) uses industrial byproducts to produce citric acid.
    • Bacillus licheniformis (bacterium) used to produce alkaline protease for use in laundry detergents.

    Biotechnology: Natural Medicinal Products

    • Several microbial products are natural medicinal products.
    • Example antimicrobials (penicillin, streptomycin), cholesterol-lowering agents (lovastatin), and neurotoxins (botulinum toxin).

    Biotechnology: Recombinant Medicinal Products

    • Genetically modified bacteria produce therapeutic proteins.
    • Examples: Insulin (Humulin), vaccines (Gardasil).

    Microbial Spoilage

    • Microbial spoilage is the deterioration of a product due to microbes.
    • Affects raw materials and finished products.
    • Costs the pharmaceutical industry significantly (safety and quality concern).

    Practical Microbiology: Growing Microbes

    • Microbes can be grown in labs using solid or liquid media.

    Practical Microbiology: Looking at Microbes

    • Viruses, bacteria, and red blood cells have varying microscopic sizes.

    Practical Microbiology: Molecular Microbiology

    • Extracts genetic components (DNA, RNA, genes).
    • Extracts cell components (proteins).
    • Immunological, structural, and sequencing studies

    Microbial Classification

    • Explains how microbes are grouped based on shared properties, characteristics, etc.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe differences between cellular and acellular microorganisms.
    • Describe main taxonomic groups of microorganisms and their features.
    • Describe how microbes can be classified; provide examples.

    Taxonomic Ranks: Species

    • A group of living organisms capable of interbreeding, even geographically isolated.
    • Assign genus, species names.

    Taxonomic Ranks: Species/Strains in Microbiology

    • Microbes are assigned based on phenotype, serotype, or genotype.

    Phenotype Classification in Microbiology

    • Observable characteristics (e.g., morphology, metabolic properties).

    Serotype Classification in Microbiology

    • Distinct variations in cell surface antigens.

    Genotype Classification in Microbiology

    • Genetic makeup of a cell, determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
    • Using methods such as PCR/DNA sequencing.

    Phylogenetic Classification

    • The study of evolutionary relationships among various biological entities.

    Whole Genome Sequencing

    • Determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism.
    • Useful analysis methods, such as looking at mutations, gene presence/absence.

    Visualizing Genotypes: Phylogenetics

    • Evolutionary relationships among microbial entities are visualized by comparing genetic sequences.

    Classification of Biological Entities

    • Categorizes and explains microorganisms based on their properties, features, etc.

    ACDP Categories of Organisms

    • Categorises microorganisms based on the degree of hazard they potentially pose for humans and the environment.

    Biosafety

    • How to work safely with potentially harmful microbes in a controlled laboratory environment.
    • Risk levels and controlled procedures are critical.

    Microbial Growth and Evolution

    • Microbial growth stages.
    • Bacterial evolution (mutation and acquisition of DNA).
    • Importance of microbial evolution.

    Microbial Growth: Culturing

    • Methods for culturing microbes (in-vitro, batch, etc.).
    • Atmospheric requirements for microbial growth.
    • How microbes are cultured.
    • Steps in microbial growth (lag, exponential, stationary, death).

    Microbial Metabolism

    • Primary and secondary metabolic pathways.
    • Importance of these pathways within a cellular system.

    Viral Replication

    • Viral replication cycle stages (subversion of host machinery).
    • Overview of viral life cycle (lysis vs. integration).

    Types of Microbial Infection

    • Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections affect people in various ways.
    • These microbes/infections can cause illness or other side effects.

    Microbial Toxins

    • Exotoxins (secreted by bacteria) and endotoxins (part of a bacterial cell wall) can promote infection by damaging tissue.
    • Exotoxin examples: superantigens, membrane-disrupting toxins, protein-modifying toxins.
    • Endotoxin (LPS) can cause fever and shock in large quantities.

    Non-Bacterial Diseases: Mycoses

    • Diseases caused by fungi.

    Non-Bacterial Diseases: Viral

    • Diseases caused by viruses.

    Microbial Sampling

    • Methods to collect, isolate, and quantify microbes (e.g., filtration, direct inoculation, liquid sampling).

    Microbial Identification

    • Techniques (e.g., culture-based methods like colony morphology, microscopic examination) to identify microbes.
    • Molecular methods (e.g., PCR, ELISA, WGS, MALDI-TOF) for more precise identification.

    Sources of Contamination and Sampling

    • Origins and sources of contamination are critical to reduce risks.
    • Methods, controls (e.g., clean rooms, aseptic techniques, hand hygiene) and standards to reduce contamination are discussed.

    Sterilization and Purification

    • Methods for sterilisation and purification of pharmaceuticals.

    Strain Improvement

    • Techniques to improve yield and efficiency of medicinal product production (e.g. mutagenesis, heterologous gene expression) and implications/effects to processes.

    Biochemical Profiling

    • How to accurately identify bacteria.

    Sterility Testing

    • Methods to assess the sterility of products.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of microbiology in public health, the characteristics of normal flora, and different biosafety levels. This quiz includes matching questions and definitions related to microbiological concepts and organisms. Challenge yourself to understand how microbiology impacts disease and health safety.

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