Methods of Determining Distance by Pacing
29 Questions
7 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who is responsible for holding the range pole at selected points?

  • Head tape man
  • Recorder
  • Flagman (correct)
  • Rear Tape men

    • What is the correct procedure for measuring fractional lengths during taping?

  • Measuring fractional lengths (correct)
  • Marking full tape lengths
  • Aligning the tape
  • Stretching the tape

    • What is the main duty of the Rear Tape men during a taping operation?

  • Holding the tape during measurement (correct)
  • Tallying taped measurements
  • Holding the range pole
  • Assisting the recorder

    • What are some conditions that may require corrections during a taping operation?

    <p>Temperature difference affecting tape length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a reason for breaking tape during a measurement process?

    <p>Damaged end of the tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the rules for corrections when a tape is too long during a taping operation?

    <p>Add</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pacing in surveying?

    <p>To approximate distances where low measurement precision is acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate an unknown distance by pacing?

    <p>Unknown distance = average number of paces x pace factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the length of a pace?

    <p>The brand of shoes used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common method for measuring or laying out horizontal distances?

    <p>Using a graduated tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities does NOT typically involve the use of taping for distance measurements?

    <p>Large-scale mapping projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the 'Head Tape man' in a taping party?

    <p>Ensuring the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with the tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a builder's level?

    <p>To set concrete forms and batter boards without high precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an automatic level differ from a dumpy level?

    <p>An automatic level has a compensator that levels the instrument automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of level is suitable for taking multiple observations from a single setup?

    <p>Tilting level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the compensator in an automatic level?

    <p>To automatically level the instrument by creating an optical path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adjustment required for a level tube?

    <p>To make the axis of the level tube perpendicular to the vertical axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adjustment ensures the line of sight coincides with the axis of the wye?

    <p>Adjustment of line of sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first reading taken after setting up and leveling the instrument?

    <p>Backsight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a benchmark (BM) in leveling?

    <p>To serve as a fixed point of reference with a known or assumed elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a foresight reading?

    <p>To determine the elevation of a point whose elevation is to be determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the backsight distance (BSD)?

    <p>The horizontal distance from the instrument to the backsight point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a turning point (TP) in leveling?

    <p>To enable the leveling operation to continue from a new instrument position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a permanent benchmark (PBM) and a temporary benchmark?

    <p>Permanent benchmarks are fixed points of reference, while temporary benchmarks are movable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of shortening or lengthening of a tape during measurement?

    <p>Difference in pull force from standardization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sag or a strong blowing side wind on the distance between the end points of an unsupported tape?

    <p>The distance is less than the specified nominal length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a level surface according to the text?

    <p>A curved surface perpendicular to the local plumb line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of leveling according to the text?

    <p>To measure vertical distances and determine elevations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a horizontal surface according to the text?

    <p>A plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Methods of Determining Distance

    • Distance by pacing is suitable for approximate distances in small-scale mapping, locating details, and reconnaissance surveys.
    • Pace Factor is the average number of paces per meter and is affected by speed, ground roughness, clothing, shoes, fatigue, and terrain slope.
    • Unknown distance can be calculated by multiplying the average number of paces by the pace factor.

    Distance by Taping

    • Taping is a direct method of measuring horizontal distances using a calibrated tape.
    • The taping party consists of a Head Tape man, Adjustment of Level Tube, and others.
    • Composition of taping party includes:
      • Head Tape man: responsible for accuracy and speed of linear measurements.
      • Adjustment of Level Tube: makes the axis of the level tube parallel to the axis of wye.
      • Adjustment of Horizontal Cross-Hair: makes the horizontal cross-hair lie in a plane perpendicular to the vertical axis.

    Builder Level

    • Used in building construction where high precision is not required.
    • Level vial is not as sensitive as in other levels, and its telescope has less magnifying power.
    • Used for setting concrete forms, batter boards, and establishing grades for earthwork.

    Automatic Level

    • Similar to the dumpy level, but with a compensator that helps the instrument to level automatically.
    • Compensator is also called a stabilizer and consists of two fixed prisms that create an optical path between the eye piece and objective.

    Tilting Level

    • Allows for horizontal rotation and rotation about 4 degrees in its vertical plane.
    • Main advantage is that it is useful when few observations are to be taken with one setup of the level.
    • Can be tilted or rotated about its horizontal axis.

    Roles in Taping

    • Recorder: keeps a record of measurements, sketches, and observations.
    • Flagman: holds the range pole (or flagpole) at selected points.
    • Rear Tape man: assists the Head Tape man during a taping operation.

    Procedure of Taping

    • Aligning the tape
    • Stretching the tape
    • Plumbing
    • Marking full tape lengths
    • Tallying taped measurements
    • Measuring fractional lengths

    Corrections in Taping

    • Too long = add
    • Too long laid out = subtract
    • Too short = opposite of the first two rules
    • Corrections are required for:
      • Tape not of standard or nominal length
      • Ends of the tape not held at the same level
      • Inaccuracy in keeping the tape along a straight line
      • Tape not of nominal length due to temperature differences
      • Shortening or lengthening of the tape due to pull on its ends
      • Distance between end points of an unsupported length of tape is less than the specified nominal length

    Definitions of Terms

    • Benchmark (BM): a fixed point of reference with a known or assumed elevation.
    • Backsight (BS): a reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed elevation.
    • Foresight (FS): a reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined.
    • Backsight Distance (BSD): measured from the center of the instrument to the rod on which a backsight is taken.
    • Foresight Distance (FSD): the horizontal distance from the center of the instrument to the rod on which a foresight is taken.
    • Turning Point (TP): an intervening point between two benchmarks on which point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken.

    Leveling

    • Leveling is the process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the elevation of points or their differences in elevation.
    • Level surface: a curved surface that at every point is perpendicular to the local plumb line.
    • Level line: a curved line in a level surface all points of which are normal to the direction of gravity and equidistant from the center of the earth.
    • Horizontal surface: a plane that is tangent to a level surface at a particular point.
    • Horizontal line: a straight line in a horizontal plane which is tangent to a level line at one point.
    • Mean Sea Level: a reference point for measuring elevations.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Learn about the method of determining distance through pacing, which involves moving with measured steps. Pacing is suitable for small-scale mapping, locating details, and reconnaissance surveys. Explore how to calculate Pace Factor for accurate measurements.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser