General Surveying 1: Chapter 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the cross-sectional area of a steel tape weighing 1.45 kg and measuring 30 m under a pull of 5 kg?

  • 0.10 cm^2 (correct)
  • 0.05 cm^2
  • 0.20 cm^2
  • 0.15 cm^2

To correct for sag in a 30-m tape supported only at its ends with a steady pull of 8 kg, which factor is most crucial in determining the sag correction?

  • Cross-sectional area of the tape
  • Length of the tape
  • Weight of the tape (correct)
  • Modulus of elasticity

What is the correct distance between the ends of a 50-m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/m when a pull of 6 kg is applied?

  • 49.75 m
  • 50.10 m
  • 49.90 m (correct)
  • 50.05 m

Which modulus of elasticity value is used to determine the elongation of the tape under a pull of 12 kg?

<p>2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tension is required to make a steel tape equal to its nominal length when supported only at the endpoints?

<p>5.5 kg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate correction to apply if the tape measures too long?

<p>Subtract from the measured length (A), Subtract from the layout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the horizontal distance between two points given the slope length and angle?

<p>d = s cos α (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correction formula is used for a gentle slope of less than 20%?

<p>C_h = h^2 / 2s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive difference indicate when calculating corrections due to tape length?

<p>Tape is too long (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total correction to be applied to the measured length of tape?

<p>C_L = ML ± C_1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences the correction due to temperature?

<p>Coefficient of linear expansion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between slope correction and the angle of inclination?

<p>More pronounced as the slope angle increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature at which the tape is standardized for correction calculations?

<p>20°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the length of a step in walking in surveying?

<p>Pace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following advantages is NOT associated with Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)?

<p>Heavy and cumbersome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of determining the length of one's pace in surveying?

<p>To calculate the pace factor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of measuring tape is specifically made of an alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion?

<p>Invar Tape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is essential for ensuring that measurements taken with a tape are accurate?

<p>Aligning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical availability of lengths for standard steel measuring tapes used in surveying?

<p>10, 20, 30, 50, 100 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of built-in computers in EDM devices?

<p>To auto-measure and reduce slope measurements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement device operates with a low power requirement while providing quick measurement results?

<p>Electronic Total Stations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the total elongation in tape length due to pull?

<p>$C_{p} = \frac{(P_{m} - P_{s})L}{AE}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect the length of a steel tape as it expands?

<p>The change in length is proportional to the coefficient of linear expansion and the change in temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When correcting for tension on a tape, what does L' represent?

<p>The length corrected for elongation due to tension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method to obtain more accurate measured values?

<p>Ensure that taping is done at a consistent temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of slope corrections, what is the significance of the elevation difference?

<p>It determines how much correction is required for the slope. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general impact of using a tape that is not calibrated for the pull applied during measurement?

<p>It results in longer measured lengths than actual. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value must be known to calculate the temperature correction for a measured line using a steel tape?

<p>The coefficient of linear expansion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit weight of the material used in the steel tape as provided?

<p>7.866 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pace Factor

The average length of a person's normal step, used in pacing measurements. Expressed as meters per pace.

Pacing

A surveying method that measures distances by counting steps, knowing the length of a step.

Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)

A method for measuring distances using electronic instruments, like total stations. Offers speed, accuracy, and adaptability to complex terrains.

Total Station

Electronic instrument for surveying that measures angles, distances, and elevations.

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Steel Tape

A common surveying tape made of steel ribbon, used for measuring distances.

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Invar Tape

A specialized measuring tape made of an alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, minimizing temperature effects on measurements.

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Taping

A surveying method that uses tapes (like steel tapes) to measure distances directly.

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Stride

Two steps or a complete step from heel to heel.

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Slope Taping Correction

Calculating the horizontal distance (d) between points on a slope, considering the slope's inclination (α).

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Horizontal Distance Formula (Slope)

d = √(s² - h²). Calculates horizontal distance when elevation difference (h) is known.

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Tape Length Error Correction

Adjustment to measured length if there is a difference between the actual (true) tape length and expected (nominal) tape length.

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Correction for Slope (Gentle)

Ch = h^2 / (2s). Used for gentle slopes (<20%).

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Correction for Temperature

Ct = c * (T - Ts). Adjusts for length changes due to temperature variation from standardization temperature (Ts).

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Systematic Error

An error consistently appearing in the same direction during repeated measurements.

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Nominal Length (NL)

The standard or expected length of a measuring tape.

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Corrected Length (CL)

The measured length adjusted for errors, like slope or temperature.

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Elongation of a Tape

The increase in length of a tape due to applied tension.

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Cross-sectional Area of Tape

The area of the tape's cross-section, usually measured in square centimeters, affects the tape's elongation.

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Correction for Tension

The adjustment made to a measured distance to account for the difference in tension between standard conditions (e.g., 5 kg pull) and the actual pull used during the measurement.

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Sag Correction

The adjustment made to a measured distance to account for the downward curve of a tape due to gravity when it's not fully supported.

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Normal Tension

The tension required to make a tape measure its nominal length when supported only at the end points.

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Slope Correction

The adjustment made to measured distances to account for the difference in elevation between points, converting the slope distance to the horizontal distance.

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Temperature Correction

The adjustment made to measured distances to account for the expansion or contraction of the measuring tape due to temperature changes.

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Tension Correction

The adjustment made to measured distances to account for the differences in tension applied to the measuring tape during measurement compared to its standard tension.

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Coefficient of Linear Expansion

The amount of change in length per unit of length per degree Celsius (or Fahrenheit) change in temperature.

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Modulus of Elasticity

A material property that indicates its stiffness and resistance to deformation under stress.

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Standard Pull (Tension)

The specific tension at which a measuring tape is calibrated to be accurate.

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Cross-Sectional Area (Tape)

The area of the tape's width and thickness.

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Why is Temperature Correction Important?

Because the length of measuring tapes changes with temperature, affecting the accuracy of distance measurement.

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Study Notes

General Surveying 1: Chapter 2 - Horizontal Distance Measurement

  • Pacing: A method of distance measurement using steps.

    • Pace: The length of a single step (heel to heel or toe to toe).
    • Pacing: Measuring distance by counting steps.
    • Stride: Two paces (a double step).
    • Pace factor: The average length of an individual's pace. Methods include determining average normal step length, adjusting to a pre-determined length (e.g., 1 meter).

  • Pace Factor Importance: Pace factor varies between individuals.

  • Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM): Modern method with advantages like speed, accuracy and ease of use for inaccessible terrain.

  • Measuring Tapes: Different types of tapes:

    • Steel tapes: Common in surveying and construction, available in various lengths.
    • Metallic tapes
    • Non-Metallic tapes
    • Invar tapes: Accurate due to low thermal expansion.
    • Lovar tapes: Another type with extremely low expansion, used for higher accuracy.
    • Fiberglass tape, wires, builder's tapes, phosphor-bronze tapes, and nylon-coated steel tapes.

  • Taping Procedures:

    • Aligning the tape: Straight and level positioning.
    • Stretching the tape: Ensuring no sag or bends.
    • Plumbing: Verifying verticality.
    • Marking full tape lengths: Recording the lengths on the tape.
    • Tallying measurements: Combining segment lengths.
    • Measuring fractional lengths: Precise readings for short segments.
    • Breaking the tape: A process for accumulating total lengths for longer distances on uneven terrain.

  • Corrections in Taping: Account for variations due to slopes, temperature, and tension.

Slope Taping

  • Slope Corrections (Formula):

    • d = s cos x (d = horizontal distance; s = measured slope length; x = angle of inclination)

  • Corrections due to incorrect tape length:

    • Coor = TL - NL (TL = true length; NL = nominal length) A positive result means the tape is too long, and a negative result means the tape is too short.

  • Correction due to slope:

    • Gentle slope (less than 20°), Moderate slope (between 20° and 30°), and Steep slope (greater than 30°). Equations for each.

Correction Due to Temperature

  • Temperature Correction (Formula): C₁=c(T-Ts)
    • C₁ = change in length correction
    • c = thermal expansion coefficient
    • T = current temperature
    • Ts = standard temperature (usually 20°C)

Correction Due to Tension

  • Tension Correction (Formula): C₁ = (PM - PL) L / (AE)

  • Key terms: PM = pull applied during measurement, PS = standard pull, L = measured length of line, A = cross-sectional area of tape, E = modulus of elasticity of the tape.

Illustrative Problems

  • Illustrative problems: demonstrate calculations and applications of the concepts. Examples include slope, temperature, tension, and sag corrections. Include typical values for tape lengths, coefficients, and tension for various scenarios. Provide formulas for correction calculations.

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General Surveying 1: Chapter 2 - Measurement of Horizontal Distances PDF

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