Metabolism and Energy: Cellular Processes

<p>Glycolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted into glycogen or triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases glucose uptake into fat and muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes glycogen synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fasted state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose metabolism involves key regulatory enzymes that control the flux through metabolic pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen Synthase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for fast switching between glycogen synthesis and breakdown based on blood sugar levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing enzyme mass without alteration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, raising glucose-1-phosphate levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transfer phosphates from ATP to target proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main energy currency in cells, essential for various cellular processes like cell growth, movement, and basic functions.

The breakdown of glucose to release energy, providing a major source of energy for the body.

Humans produce and utilize a massive amount of ATP daily, constantly replenishing this crucial energy molecule.

Glucose can be stored as glycogen (in liver and muscle) or triglycerides (in adipose tissue) when energy is not immediately needed.

Maintaining stable blood glucose levels is crucial for overall body function.

A primary energy source, particularly for the brain, nerves, red blood cells, testes, and kidney medulla.

Process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate.

Cellular process of generating ATP through the use of oxygen.

A metabolic pathway where glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources like lactate or amino acids.

Insulin signals a fed state and promotes glucose uptake into fat and muscle tissue, glycogen synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Glucagon signals a fasted state and stimulates glucose release into the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown, and lipid breakdown.

A branched polymer of glucose subunits, primarily stored in the liver and muscle cells.

Enzyme responsible for the final step of gluconeogenesis, releasing free glucose from the liver.

Enzyme responsible for the first step of glycolysis, converting glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.

The process where two pathways or enzymes have opposite effects on each other. For example, when one enzyme is active, the other is inactive.

An enzyme that controls the rate of a metabolic pathway by either increasing or decreasing its activity.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of Glucose-1-phosphate to Glucose-6-phosphate.

An enzyme responsible for synthesizing glycogen, a storage form of glucose, from glucose-6-phosphate.

An enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.

Insulin activates Glycogen Synthase and inhibits Glycogen Phosphorylase, leading to glycogen synthesis and lowering blood glucose levels.

Glucagon activates Glycogen Phosphorylase and inhibits Glycogen Synthase, leading to glycogen breakdown and raising blood glucose levels.

A reversible covalent modification where a phosphate group is added to a molecule, usually a protein, by kinases.

Kinases add phosphate groups, activating or deactivating enzymes, while phosphatases remove phosphate groups, reversing the effects of kinases.