Cellular Energy Production and Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

Match the following stages of metabolic pathway evolution with their corresponding energy sources:

Glycolysis = Preformed organic molecules (e.g. glucose) Photosynthesis = Energy from sunlight Oxidative metabolism = Oxygen (O2) ATP energy pathway = Sunlight and glucose

Match the following molecules with their roles in metabolic pathways:

ATP = Source of energy for metabolic reactions CO2 = Starting material for organic molecule synthesis H2S = Electron acceptor in photosynthesis H2O = Source of energy for glycolysis

Match the following metabolic pathways with their outcomes:

Glycolysis = Conversion of glucose to ATP Photosynthesis = Production of oxygen (O2) Oxidative metabolism = Use of oxygen (O2) for energy ATP energy pathway = Synthesis of organic molecules

Match the following molecules with their roles in photosynthesis:

H2S = Electron acceptor H2O = Source of electrons CO2 = Starting material for organic molecule synthesis O2 = By-product of photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of metabolic pathway evolution with their corresponding environmental impacts:

Glycolysis = No significant environmental impact Photosynthesis = Release of oxygen (O2) into the atmosphere Oxidative metabolism = Increased energy efficiency ATP energy pathway = Change in Earth's atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Match the following metabolic pathways with their energy yield:

Glycolysis = Limited energy yield Photosynthesis = High energy yield from sunlight Oxidative metabolism = High energy yield from oxygen ATP energy pathway = Variable energy yield Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about oxidative metabolism with their corresponding descriptions:

Selective advantage = Created with the increase in atmospheric O2 for organisms capable of using O2 in energy-producing reactions Efficiency of energy production = Equivalent to 36 to 38 molecules of ATP from glucose breakdown Reactivity of O2 = A highly reactive molecule Anaerobic glycolysis comparison = Yields 2 ATP molecules Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of prokaryotes with their corresponding descriptions:

Primitive existence = First living things on Earth, found in 3.4 million-year-old rocks Present-day forms = Divided into two groups: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Photosynthetic capabilities = Some prokaryotes found to be photosynthetic Theory of evolution = All forms of life evolved from original prokaryotes ~ 3.5-4.0 billion years ago Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of organisms with their corresponding environments:

Thermoacidophiles = Hot sulfur springs (~ 80C and pH value as low as 2) Archaebacteria = Extreme environments Eubacteria = Varied environments Prokaryotes = Primitive Earth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy-related processes with their corresponding ATP yields:

Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose = 36 to 38 ATP molecules Anaerobic glycolysis = 2 ATP molecules Oxidative metabolism = More efficient than anaerobic glycolysis Photosynthetic reactions = Not mentioned Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about prokaryotes with their corresponding timeframes:

Fossil discovery = 3.4 million-year-old rock in Africa Evolution of life = 3.5-4.0 billion years ago Present-day existence = Divided into two groups: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Ancient rock discovery = Older rocks in Australia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of prokaryotes with their corresponding characteristics:

Archaebacteria = Live in extreme environments Eubacteria = Present-day bacteria Thermoacidophiles = Live in hot sulfur springs Prokaryotes = First living things on Earth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions in eukaryotic cells:

Mitochondria = Generating ATP from glucose Chloroplast = Site for oxidative metabolism Nucleus = Translation of RNA into proteins Cytoskeleton = Compartments for metabolic activities Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular components with their characteristics:

Eukaryotes = Contain a variety of cytoplasmic organelles Prokaryotes = Have a nucleus Plasma membrane = Contains genetic information Ribosomes = Site for DNA replication and RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eukaryotic cell features with their advantages:

Cytoplasmic organelles = Allows for compartmentalization of metabolic activities Linear DNA = Enables efficient energy metabolism Cytoskeleton = Provides support for cell shape Nucleus = Responsible for generating ATP from glucose Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cellular structures with their functions:

Plasma membrane = Surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves Nucleus = Contains genetic information Ribosomes = Site for protein synthesis Cytoskeleton = Provides support for cell shape and movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eukaryotic cell features with their benefits:

Membrane-enclosed organelles = Enables efficient energy metabolism Linear DNA = Provides a site for DNA replication and RNA synthesis Cytoskeleton = Supports cell shape and movement Nucleus = Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Signup and view all the answers

Match the following eukaryotic cell features with their characteristics:

Mitochondria = Found in almost all eukaryotic cells Chloroplast = Responsible for generating ATP from glucose Eukaryotes = Have a variety of membrane-enclosed organelles Prokaryotes = Have a cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cellular Energy Evolution

Cells developed mechanisms to generate energy and synthesize replication molecules through metabolic pathways utilizing ATP.
ATP production evolved through three stages: glycolysis, photosynthesis, and oxidative metabolism.

Glycolysis and Photosynthesis

Glycolysis transforms energy from organic molecules, like glucose, into ATP for various metabolic reactions.
Photosynthesis allowed cells to capture sunlight energy, reducing dependence on glucose.
First photosynthetic bacteria emerged over 3 billion years ago, employing H2S to convert CO2 into organic compounds.
Water use in photosynthesis generates oxygen as a byproduct, significantly increasing atmospheric oxygen levels.

Impact of Oxygen on Metabolism

The rise in atmospheric oxygen, due to photosynthesis, led to the evolution of oxidative metabolism.
Oxidative metabolism provides a more efficient energy production method than anaerobic glycolysis, leveraging reactive oxygen for energy extraction.

Eubacteria and Eukaryotes

Eubacteria represent diverse organisms thriving in various environments, including soil and water.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex, featuring a nucleus, organelles, and a cytoskeleton, unlike prokaryotic cells.
The nucleus, containing linear genetic material, is vital for DNA replication and RNA synthesis; ribosomes translate RNA into proteins.

Organelles in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes contain membrane-enclosed organelles crucial for localized metabolic activities, enhancing function efficiency.
Mitochondria are critical for energy metabolism, converting glucose into ATP through oxidative processes.
Chloroplasts, although not detailed, are integral to photosynthesis in plant cells.

Oxidative Metabolism Evolution

The relationship between oxidative metabolism and photosynthesis is debated; some argue oxidative processes predate photosynthesis due to atmospheric changes favoring oxygen-utilizing organisms.
Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose produces 36-38 ATP compared to just 2 ATP from anaerobic glycolysis.

Prokaryotic Origins

Prokaryotes, the earliest forms of life, are still represented by modern bacteria, with fossils dating back to approximately 3.4 billion years.
All life is believed to have evolved from prokaryotic ancestors, with a timeline of 3.5 to 4.0 billion years.
Current prokaryotes are categorized into two groups: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Archaebacteria thrive in extreme conditions, such as high-temperature, low pH environments like hot sulfur springs.

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