Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of the US population are expected to be made up of minority groups by the year 2055?
What percentage of the US population are expected to be made up of minority groups by the year 2055?
What is the approximate percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States who receive treatment in a given year?
What is the approximate percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States who receive treatment in a given year?
Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in the text for preventing mental disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in the text for preventing mental disorders?
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023), what percentage of adults with serious mental illness received mental health treatment in the past year?
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023), what percentage of adults with serious mental illness received mental health treatment in the past year?
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What is a major difference between AMI and SMI?
What is a major difference between AMI and SMI?
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Which age group, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, had the lowest percentage of individuals with serious mental illness receiving treatment?
Which age group, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, had the lowest percentage of individuals with serious mental illness receiving treatment?
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What is the approximate percentage of the US population that experiences mental illness?
What is the approximate percentage of the US population that experiences mental illness?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why people seek therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why people seek therapy?
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Which mental health profession has experienced the largest increase in average number of practitioners since its inception?
Which mental health profession has experienced the largest increase in average number of practitioners since its inception?
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According to the content, what is a potential source of misinformation in the field of abnormal psychology?
According to the content, what is a potential source of misinformation in the field of abnormal psychology?
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What is the main goal of clinical researchers in abnormal psychology?
What is the main goal of clinical researchers in abnormal psychology?
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What is a potential consequence of inaccuracies in the field of abnormal psychology?
What is a potential consequence of inaccuracies in the field of abnormal psychology?
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Which mental health profession has the highest percentage of female practitioners?
Which mental health profession has the highest percentage of female practitioners?
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What is the primary purpose of using animals in research on abnormal psychology?
What is the primary purpose of using animals in research on abnormal psychology?
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According to the information provided, which of the following is a TRUE statement about the use of animals in research?
According to the information provided, which of the following is a TRUE statement about the use of animals in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of single-subject experiments?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of single-subject experiments?
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What is the main argument presented by the 'Psychwatch' section in this content?
What is the main argument presented by the 'Psychwatch' section in this content?
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What is a key limitation of longitudinal studies, as highlighted in the text?
What is a key limitation of longitudinal studies, as highlighted in the text?
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The ABAB (reversal) design is mentioned in the text. What does the "B" in this design represent?
The ABAB (reversal) design is mentioned in the text. What does the "B" in this design represent?
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The example of the New England Centenarian Study is used to illustrate which type of research design?
The example of the New England Centenarian Study is used to illustrate which type of research design?
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How do the photos of individuals at different ages, as described in the text, demonstrate the logic of longitudinal studies?
How do the photos of individuals at different ages, as described in the text, demonstrate the logic of longitudinal studies?
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What is the primary purpose of the correlational method in research?
What is the primary purpose of the correlational method in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a case study?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a case study?
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If researchers discover a strong positive correlation between two variables, what does this mean?
If researchers discover a strong positive correlation between two variables, what does this mean?
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What is a potential limitation of using a correlational method?
What is a potential limitation of using a correlational method?
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What is the primary goal of the experimental method?
What is the primary goal of the experimental method?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a case study?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a case study?
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What is a potential limitation of using a case study in clinical research?
What is a potential limitation of using a case study in clinical research?
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What is the definition of correlation?
What is the definition of correlation?
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If a study shows a strong negative correlation between hours spent exercising and stress levels, what can be concluded?
If a study shows a strong negative correlation between hours spent exercising and stress levels, what can be concluded?
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest negative correlation?
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest negative correlation?
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A study finds a statistically significant correlation between the number of hours spent studying and exam scores. What does this mean?
A study finds a statistically significant correlation between the number of hours spent studying and exam scores. What does this mean?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the correlational method?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the correlational method?
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A researcher finds a positive correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates. What can be concluded?
A researcher finds a positive correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates. What can be concluded?
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A study finds a correlation coefficient of 0.00 between the number of hours spent watching television and job satisfaction. What does this indicate?
A study finds a correlation coefficient of 0.00 between the number of hours spent watching television and job satisfaction. What does this indicate?
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Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a positive correlation?
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a positive correlation?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of the experimental method?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the experimental method?
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What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiological studies?
What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiological studies?
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Which of the following is NOT a common epidemiological study?
Which of the following is NOT a common epidemiological study?
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Which research method offers the strongest potential for establishing causal relationships between variables?
Which research method offers the strongest potential for establishing causal relationships between variables?
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Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding the use of social media data for research studies?
Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding the use of social media data for research studies?
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What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a right specifically granted to participants in research studies, as ensured by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?
Which of the following is NOT a right specifically granted to participants in research studies, as ensured by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?
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What is the central ethical obligation of researchers conducting studies involving human participants?
What is the central ethical obligation of researchers conducting studies involving human participants?
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Which research method is best suited for exploring a single case in depth, providing rich and detailed information but potentially lacking generalizability?
Which research method is best suited for exploring a single case in depth, providing rich and detailed information but potentially lacking generalizability?
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Flashcards
Prevalence of Therapy
Prevalence of Therapy
Approximately 43% of individuals with psychological disorders seek therapy annually in the US.
Mental Illness Categories
Mental Illness Categories
Mental illnesses are classified as Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI).
AMI Definition
AMI Definition
Any Mental Illness (AMI) is a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that varies in severity and impairment.
SMI Definition
SMI Definition
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2022 SMI Statistics
2022 SMI Statistics
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Gender Differences in Treatment
Gender Differences in Treatment
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Age and Treatment Rates
Age and Treatment Rates
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Multicultural Psychology
Multicultural Psychology
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Single-subject experiment
Single-subject experiment
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ABAB design
ABAB design
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Longitudinal studies
Longitudinal studies
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Internal validity
Internal validity
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Baseline data
Baseline data
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Positive Correlation
Positive Correlation
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Negative Correlation
Negative Correlation
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Unrelated Correlation
Unrelated Correlation
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Correlation Coefficient (r)
Correlation Coefficient (r)
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Statistical Significance
Statistical Significance
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High Magnitude Correlation
High Magnitude Correlation
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Weak Magnitude Correlation
Weak Magnitude Correlation
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Experimental Method
Experimental Method
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Case Study
Case Study
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Benefits of Case Studies
Benefits of Case Studies
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Limitations of Case Studies
Limitations of Case Studies
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Correlational Method
Correlational Method
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Correlation
Correlation
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Sample in Research
Sample in Research
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Line of Best Fit
Line of Best Fit
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Psychiatrists
Psychiatrists
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Clinical Researchers
Clinical Researchers
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Digital Distractions
Digital Distractions
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Tele-Mental Health
Tele-Mental Health
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Animal Research Ethics
Animal Research Ethics
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Psychologists
Psychologists
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Social Workers
Social Workers
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Research in Abnormal Psychology
Research in Abnormal Psychology
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Epidemiological Studies
Epidemiological Studies
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Incidence
Incidence
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Prevalence
Prevalence
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Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Informed Consent
Informed Consent
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Social Media for Research
Social Media for Research
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Study Notes
Overview of Research in Abnormal Psychology
- Various topics are covered, including:
- Therapy usage rates
- Multicultural psychology
- Research methods and design strengths and weaknesses
- Protecting human participants in research
- Subject selection and models of abnormality
- Future courses of study
How Many People Go to Therapy in the U.S.?
- Approximately 43% of people with psychological disorders receive treatment annually.
- A significant portion (at least 20%) seek therapy for milder issues in personal relationships.
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- 59.3 million people experience mental illness in the U.S. (23.1%).
- Mental illnesses vary in severity and are categorized as either any mental illness (AMI) or serious mental illness (SMI).
- AMI ranges from no impairment to severe, while SMI causes substantial functional impairments in daily life.
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023)
- In 2022, there were 15.4 million adults with serious mental illness (SMI).
- 10.2 million (66.7%) received mental health treatment in the past year.
- More females (7%) received mental health treatment for SMI compared to males (4.8%).
- Young adults (18-25) with SMI received treatment less than older adults (26–49 and 50+).
Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health
- Strategies include:
- Correcting social conditions
- Helping individuals at risk for emotional problems
- Utilizing positive psychology to teach coping skills
Multicultural Psychology
- Minority groups in the U.S. currently account for 40% of the population.
- This percentage is projected to increase to 52% by 2055.
- Multicultural psychologists research how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors influence thought and behavior.
- They also study psychological differences amongst diverse population groups.
Increasing Influence of Insurance Coverage
- Managed care programs are the dominant insurance coverage model in the U.S.
- Approximately 67% of privately insured individuals are enrolled in managed care plans.
Key Care Issues (Insurance)
- Insurance companies often determine key factors in mental health care.
- Reimbursements for mental disorders are generally lower than for medical disorders and can lead to shorter, less effective therapies.
- Key concerns include therapist choice, session costs, and the number of sessions covered.
Today's Leading Theories and Professions
- Numerous theoretical perspectives are used in clinical psychology.
- Psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology are among them.
- No single perspective dominates the clinical field.
Various Professionals in Psychology
- Psychiatrists (MD, DO) have been in practice since the 1840s and average $220,000 in annual salary.
- Psychologists (PhD, PsyD, EdD) have been in practice since the late 1940s and average $79,000 in annual salary.
- Social workers (MSW, DSW) have been in practice since the early 1950s and average $49,000 in annual salary.
- Counselors (various degrees) have also been in practice since the early 1950s and average $45,000 in annual salary.
Technology and Mental Health
- Technology influences abnormal behavior and mental health, creating new challenges and opportunities.
- Technology advancements bring about additional mental health issues like increased digital distractions, misuse of tele-mental health services and apps, and the spread of misinformation.
The Digital Explosion (Graph Data)
- A graph shows the trends of online activity, face-to-face interactions, happiness and quality sleep levels over time, indicating a possible correlation of these factors.
Research in Abnormal Psychology
- Research is systematic fact-finding using observations and investigation.
- Inaccuracies within the field of abnormal psychology can result in significant harm.
What Do Clinical Researchers Do?
- Clinical researchers discover general laws and principles, and they conduct research from a nomothetic perspective examining and comparing various patients from a general population point of view.
- Their work does not involve treating individual patients.
Animal Research
- Between 11 and 25 million animals are used for research annually.
- Research methods sometimes use methods like shocking, starving, separating from parents, surgery, and killing of animals.
- Results of animal testing has helped to increase human life expectancy by 24 years., developed new medications and contributed to patient savings.
Clinical Research Methods (Part 2) and Methods
- Clinical researchers use three investigation methods:
- Case study
- Correlational method
- Experimental method
The Case Study
- Provides detailed descriptions of a person's life and psychological problems.
- Helps develop new ideas and theories and new therapeutic techniques.
- Case studies are beneficial for examining unique or unusual problems.
- Case studies often lack strong generalizability due to limited sample size and subjective observations.
The Correlational Method
- Involves observing numerous individuals and applying consistent research procedures.
- Researchers analyze data using statistical tests.
- Researchers are able to replicate their findings in a similar study.
- The strength and direction of correlations are expressed numerically as +'s and -'s.
- Subjects selected for a study are meant to represent the larger population.
Describing a Correlation (Graphs Data Analysis)
- Correlations can be graphed with a line of best fit
- Positive correlation: variables change in the same direction.
- Negative correlation: variables change in opposite directions.
- Unrelated: no noticeable relationship.
- The magnitude (strength) of a correlation is important, with stronger correlations showing a closer relation between variables
Describing a Correlation (Numerical Analysis)
- Correlation coefficients (symbolized by 'r') are used to numerically express the correlation.
- These coefficients can range from +1.00 (perfect positive correlation) to -1.00 (perfect negative correlation).
- A value of 0.00 indicates no notable relationship.
When Can Correlations Be Trusted?
- Statistical significance (p<.05) is determined by judging if the correlation could have occurred by chance alone.
- Confidence in the correlation outcome usually increases with a larger sample size and greater magnitude of correlation.
Advantages and Difficulties of the Correlational Method
- Advantages are: high external validity (ability to generalize to other populations) and replicability.
- Difficulties are: lacking internal validity and inability to determine cause-and-effect.
The Experimental Method
- The experimental method involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable
- Other factors are controlled to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are solely due to the independent variable.
Experimental Method (Part 2)
- Confounding variables (variables besides the independent variable affecting the dependent variable) are a potential issue.
- Avoiding confounding variables requires elements like a control group and random assignment
- Masked (or blind) design can reduce bias when testing and evaluating the effect of the independent variable.
Random Assignment and Masked Design
- Random assignment ensures each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group.
- A masked (or blind) design means participants and experimenters are unaware of the group assignments to avoid unintentional bias.
- Placebo therapy is used in blind design to control effects of expectation.
- A double-masked design is an experiment where neither participants nor researchers know the group assignments
The Control Group
- Control groups are not exposed to the independent variable while being comparable to experimental groups.
- Statistical significance criteria are applied.
- Clinical significance is also considered (as well as the impact of the research).
Alternative Research Designs
- Quasi-experimental designs provide less ideal (but relevant) approaches to research.
- Matched designs place individuals in existing groups.
- Natural experiments involve observation of naturally occurring impacts on variables.
- Analogue experiments manipulate independent variables in controlled lab environments using animals to imitate real life situations.
- Single-subject experiments focus on one person before and after a manipulation and make interpretations on the changes in the observations.
- Longitudinal studies are high-risk or developmental studies involving observation of the same people throughout a long period.
- Epidemiological studies reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder.
Relative Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methods
- Strengths and weaknesses are organized by each method, indicating how detailed,general, causal/effect and easily replicable the studies are.
The Use and Abuse of Social Media
- Growing use of social media in research offers access to large datasets.
- Concerns exist about lack of informed consent, potential coercion/manipulation, and potential targeting.
Protecting Human Participants
- Researchers have a primary obligation to avoid harm to participants.
- Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) oversee research studies, protecting the rights and safety of participants
- Participants enlist voluntarily.
- Participants fully understand the study ("informed consent").
- Participants' rights are protected,including the ability of study participants to withdraw at any time.
- Study benefits should outweigh risks.
- Participants must be protected from harm.
- Participants must have access to study details.
- Privacy must be observed.
Your Subject Selection and Models of Abnormality Matrix
- Students need to select a specific research topic concerning Models of Abnormality and the related topics.
- They need to consider choosing a topic of interest within the broad framework.
Questions, Comments & Next Steps
- An overview of future topics of discussion.
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Description
Test your knowledge on recent mental health statistics in the United States, including information on minority populations, treatment rates, and common mental disorders. This quiz covers various topics such as the percentage of the population experiencing mental illness and trends in mental health professions. Challenge yourself to see how much you know about mental health issues in America!