Mental Health Statistics Quiz 2023
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the US population are expected to be made up of minority groups by the year 2055?

  • 64%
  • 52% (correct)
  • 40%
  • 25%
  • What is the approximate percentage of people with psychological disorders in the United States who receive treatment in a given year?

  • 60%
  • 43% (correct)
  • 25%
  • 10%
  • Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in the text for preventing mental disorders?

  • Helping individuals at risk for developing emotional problems
  • Utilizing positive psychology to teach coping skills
  • Providing medication to individuals at risk for developing emotional problems (correct)
  • Correcting social conditions
  • According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023), what percentage of adults with serious mental illness received mental health treatment in the past year?

    <p>66.7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between AMI and SMI?

    <p>SMI is a more severe form of mental illness that results in significant functional impairment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, had the lowest percentage of individuals with serious mental illness receiving treatment?

    <p>18-25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the US population that experiences mental illness?

    <p>23.1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why people seek therapy?

    <p>Severe physical injury resulting in chronic pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mental health profession has experienced the largest increase in average number of practitioners since its inception?

    <p>Social Workers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a potential source of misinformation in the field of abnormal psychology?

    <p>The 'digital explosion' of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of clinical researchers in abnormal psychology?

    <p>To understand and predict mental health conditions in the general population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of inaccuracies in the field of abnormal psychology?

    <p>Greater suffering for individuals with mental health conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mental health profession has the highest percentage of female practitioners?

    <p>Social Workers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using animals in research on abnormal psychology?

    <p>To better understand the mechanisms of mental health conditions in humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following is a TRUE statement about the use of animals in research?

    <p>Animal research has made significant contributions to human health but has also raised ethical concerns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of single-subject experiments?

    <p>Researchers can be certain that phenomena observed in the lab are the same as the psychological disorders being investigated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented by the 'Psychwatch' section in this content?

    <p>The ethical use of animals in research is a complex issue that requires careful consideration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key limitation of longitudinal studies, as highlighted in the text?

    <p>Researchers cannot manipulate the independent variable or randomly assign participants to conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ABAB (reversal) design is mentioned in the text. What does the "B" in this design represent?

    <p>Introduction of the independent variable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The example of the New England Centenarian Study is used to illustrate which type of research design?

    <p>Longitudinal study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the photos of individuals at different ages, as described in the text, demonstrate the logic of longitudinal studies?

    <p>They suggest that early childhood characteristics may influence adult traits and challenges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the correlational method in research?

    <p>To measure the strength and direction of relationships between variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a case study?

    <p>It employs objective, quantifiable measures exclusively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If researchers discover a strong positive correlation between two variables, what does this mean?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using a correlational method?

    <p>It cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the experimental method?

    <p>To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a case study?

    <p>Offers absolute proof for a specific theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using a case study in clinical research?

    <p>It may not be generalizable to other individuals or populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of correlation?

    <p>The degree to which two variables are related in a predictable way. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a study shows a strong negative correlation between hours spent exercising and stress levels, what can be concluded?

    <p>There is a strong relationship between exercise and stress, but the direction of the relationship cannot be determined. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest negative correlation?

    <p>-0.85 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study finds a statistically significant correlation between the number of hours spent studying and exam scores. What does this mean?

    <p>The finding is highly unlikely to have occurred by chance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the correlational method?

    <p>Ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher finds a positive correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates. What can be concluded?

    <p>There is most likely a third variable influencing both ice cream sales and crime rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study finds a correlation coefficient of 0.00 between the number of hours spent watching television and job satisfaction. What does this indicate?

    <p>There is no consistent relationship between television viewing and job satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios demonstrates a positive correlation?

    <p>The more a person exercises, the better their physical health tends to be. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the experimental method?

    <p>The ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiological studies?

    <p>Incidence refers to the number of new cases within a specific timescale, while prevalence refers to the overall number of cases within that timescale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common epidemiological study?

    <p>National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method offers the strongest potential for establishing causal relationships between variables?

    <p>Experimental Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding the use of social media data for research studies?

    <p>Limited access to comprehensive datasets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?

    <p>To protect the rights and safety of human research participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a right specifically granted to participants in research studies, as ensured by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?

    <p>The right to access data collected from participants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central ethical obligation of researchers conducting studies involving human participants?

    <p>To avoid physical or psychological harm to participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is best suited for exploring a single case in depth, providing rich and detailed information but potentially lacking generalizability?

    <p>Case Study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Prevalence of Therapy

    Approximately 43% of individuals with psychological disorders seek therapy annually in the US.

    Mental Illness Categories

    Mental illnesses are classified as Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI).

    AMI Definition

    Any Mental Illness (AMI) is a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that varies in severity and impairment.

    SMI Definition

    Serious Mental Illness (SMI) significantly disrupts life activities and may cause disability.

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    2022 SMI Statistics

    In 2022, 15.4 million adults had SMI; 10.2 million received treatment.

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    Gender Differences in Treatment

    More females (7%) received treatment for SMIs than males (4.8%).

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    Age and Treatment Rates

    Young adults aged 18-25 (61.4%) received less treatment than older age groups.

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    Multicultural Psychology

    Racial and ethnic minorities are 40% of US population, expected to rise to 52% by 2055.

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    Single-subject experiment

    A study involving one participant before and after manipulation of the independent variable.

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    ABAB design

    An experimental design that involves repeated alternation between baseline and treatment phases.

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    Longitudinal studies

    Research observing the same individuals multiple times over extended periods.

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    Internal validity

    The extent to which a study accurately establishes cause-and-effect relationships.

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    Baseline data

    Data collected before intervention to compare changes post-manipulation.

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    Positive Correlation

    A relationship where variables change in the same direction; slope is upward.

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    Negative Correlation

    A relationship where variables change in opposite directions; slope is downward.

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    Unrelated Correlation

    No consistent relationship between variables; no slope shown.

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    Correlation Coefficient (r)

    Numeric value indicating direction and magnitude of correlation; ranges from +1 to -1.

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    Statistical Significance

    A measure indicating that a finding is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance; typically p < .05.

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    High Magnitude Correlation

    When variables vary closely together, falling close to the line of best fit.

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    Weak Magnitude Correlation

    When variables do not vary closely together; loosely scattered around the line of best fit.

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    Experimental Method

    A research method where a variable is manipulated to observe its effect on another variable.

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    Case Study

    An in-depth analysis of an individual's life and psychological issues.

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    Benefits of Case Studies

    Provide new ideas, support theories, and introduce therapeutic techniques.

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    Limitations of Case Studies

    Biased observations, low internal validity, and poor generalizability.

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    Correlational Method

    Research method indicating how two variables vary together.

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    Correlation

    The degree to which two events or characteristics change together.

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    Sample in Research

    A group of individuals chosen for a study, representing a larger population.

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    Line of Best Fit

    A line that represents the average trend in graphed correlational data.

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    Psychiatrists

    Medical professionals with an MD or DO practicing since the 1840s.

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    Clinical Researchers

    Scientists who study and investigate psychology but do not treat patients.

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    Digital Distractions

    Technological influences that divert attention and may affect mental health.

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    Tele-Mental Health

    Remote mental health services facilitated by technology.

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    Animal Research Ethics

    Debate over the moral implications of using animals in psychological studies.

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    Psychologists

    Professionals with PhDs or equivalent degrees practicing since the late 1940s.

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    Social Workers

    Professionals with MSW or DSW degrees working since the early 1950s.

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    Research in Abnormal Psychology

    A systematic investigation to understand abnormal behaviors and mental disorders.

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    Epidemiological Studies

    Research that reveals incidence and prevalence of disorders in populations.

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    Incidence

    Number of new cases of a disorder during a specified period.

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    Prevalence

    Total number of cases of a disorder in a population at a given time.

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    Institutional Review Board (IRB)

    Ethics committee that protects the rights and safety of research participants.

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    Informed Consent

    Participants are fully informed about a study's details before agreeing to participate.

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    Social Media for Research

    Using social platforms for data gathering, but with ethical concerns.

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    Study Notes

    Overview of Research in Abnormal Psychology

    • Various topics are covered, including:
      • Therapy usage rates
      • Multicultural psychology
      • Research methods and design strengths and weaknesses
      • Protecting human participants in research
      • Subject selection and models of abnormality
      • Future courses of study

    How Many People Go to Therapy in the U.S.?

    • Approximately 43% of people with psychological disorders receive treatment annually.
    • A significant portion (at least 20%) seek therapy for milder issues in personal relationships.

    The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

    • 59.3 million people experience mental illness in the U.S. (23.1%).
    • Mental illnesses vary in severity and are categorized as either any mental illness (AMI) or serious mental illness (SMI).
    • AMI ranges from no impairment to severe, while SMI causes substantial functional impairments in daily life.

    National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023)

    • In 2022, there were 15.4 million adults with serious mental illness (SMI).
    • 10.2 million (66.7%) received mental health treatment in the past year.
    • More females (7%) received mental health treatment for SMI compared to males (4.8%).
    • Young adults (18-25) with SMI received treatment less than older adults (26–49 and 50+).

    Emphasis on Preventing Disorders and Promoting Mental Health

    • Strategies include:
      • Correcting social conditions
      • Helping individuals at risk for emotional problems
      • Utilizing positive psychology to teach coping skills

    Multicultural Psychology

    • Minority groups in the U.S. currently account for 40% of the population.
    • This percentage is projected to increase to 52% by 2055.
    • Multicultural psychologists research how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors influence thought and behavior.
    • They also study psychological differences amongst diverse population groups.

    Increasing Influence of Insurance Coverage

    • Managed care programs are the dominant insurance coverage model in the U.S.
    • Approximately 67% of privately insured individuals are enrolled in managed care plans.

    Key Care Issues (Insurance)

    • Insurance companies often determine key factors in mental health care.
    • Reimbursements for mental disorders are generally lower than for medical disorders and can lead to shorter, less effective therapies.
    • Key concerns include therapist choice, session costs, and the number of sessions covered.

    Today's Leading Theories and Professions

    • Numerous theoretical perspectives are used in clinical psychology.
    • Psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology are among them.
    • No single perspective dominates the clinical field.

    Various Professionals in Psychology

    • Psychiatrists (MD, DO) have been in practice since the 1840s and average $220,000 in annual salary.
    • Psychologists (PhD, PsyD, EdD) have been in practice since the late 1940s and average $79,000 in annual salary.
    • Social workers (MSW, DSW) have been in practice since the early 1950s and average $49,000 in annual salary.
    • Counselors (various degrees) have also been in practice since the early 1950s and average $45,000 in annual salary.

    Technology and Mental Health

    • Technology influences abnormal behavior and mental health, creating new challenges and opportunities.
    • Technology advancements bring about additional mental health issues like increased digital distractions, misuse of tele-mental health services and apps, and the spread of misinformation.

    The Digital Explosion (Graph Data)

    • A graph shows the trends of online activity, face-to-face interactions, happiness and quality sleep levels over time, indicating a possible correlation of these factors.

    Research in Abnormal Psychology

    • Research is systematic fact-finding using observations and investigation.
    • Inaccuracies within the field of abnormal psychology can result in significant harm.

    What Do Clinical Researchers Do?

    • Clinical researchers discover general laws and principles, and they conduct research from a nomothetic perspective examining and comparing various patients from a general population point of view.
    • Their work does not involve treating individual patients.

    Animal Research

    • Between 11 and 25 million animals are used for research annually.
    • Research methods sometimes use methods like shocking, starving, separating from parents, surgery, and killing of animals.
    • Results of animal testing has helped to increase human life expectancy by 24 years., developed new medications and contributed to patient savings.

    Clinical Research Methods (Part 2) and Methods

    • Clinical researchers use three investigation methods:
      • Case study
      • Correlational method
      • Experimental method

    The Case Study

    • Provides detailed descriptions of a person's life and psychological problems.
    • Helps develop new ideas and theories and new therapeutic techniques.
    • Case studies are beneficial for examining unique or unusual problems.
    • Case studies often lack strong generalizability due to limited sample size and subjective observations.

    The Correlational Method

    • Involves observing numerous individuals and applying consistent research procedures.
    • Researchers analyze data using statistical tests.
    • Researchers are able to replicate their findings in a similar study.
    • The strength and direction of correlations are expressed numerically as +'s and -'s.
    • Subjects selected for a study are meant to represent the larger population.

    Describing a Correlation (Graphs Data Analysis)

    • Correlations can be graphed with a line of best fit
      • Positive correlation: variables change in the same direction.
      • Negative correlation: variables change in opposite directions.
      • Unrelated: no noticeable relationship.
    • The magnitude (strength) of a correlation is important, with stronger correlations showing a closer relation between variables

    Describing a Correlation (Numerical Analysis)

    • Correlation coefficients (symbolized by 'r') are used to numerically express the correlation.
    • These coefficients can range from +1.00 (perfect positive correlation) to -1.00 (perfect negative correlation).
    • A value of 0.00 indicates no notable relationship.

    When Can Correlations Be Trusted?

    • Statistical significance (p<.05) is determined by judging if the correlation could have occurred by chance alone.
    • Confidence in the correlation outcome usually increases with a larger sample size and greater magnitude of correlation.

    Advantages and Difficulties of the Correlational Method

    • Advantages are: high external validity (ability to generalize to other populations) and replicability.
    • Difficulties are: lacking internal validity and inability to determine cause-and-effect.

    The Experimental Method

    • The experimental method involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable
    • Other factors are controlled to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are solely due to the independent variable.

    Experimental Method (Part 2)

    • Confounding variables (variables besides the independent variable affecting the dependent variable) are a potential issue.
    • Avoiding confounding variables requires elements like a control group and random assignment
    • Masked (or blind) design can reduce bias when testing and evaluating the effect of the independent variable.

    Random Assignment and Masked Design

    • Random assignment ensures each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group.
    • A masked (or blind) design means participants and experimenters are unaware of the group assignments to avoid unintentional bias.
    • Placebo therapy is used in blind design to control effects of expectation.
    • A double-masked design is an experiment where neither participants nor researchers know the group assignments

    The Control Group

    • Control groups are not exposed to the independent variable while being comparable to experimental groups.
    • Statistical significance criteria are applied.
    • Clinical significance is also considered (as well as the impact of the research).

    Alternative Research Designs

    • Quasi-experimental designs provide less ideal (but relevant) approaches to research.
    • Matched designs place individuals in existing groups.
    • Natural experiments involve observation of naturally occurring impacts on variables.
    • Analogue experiments manipulate independent variables in controlled lab environments using animals to imitate real life situations.
    • Single-subject experiments focus on one person before and after a manipulation and make interpretations on the changes in the observations.
    • Longitudinal studies are high-risk or developmental studies involving observation of the same people throughout a long period.
    • Epidemiological studies reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder.

    Relative Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methods

    • Strengths and weaknesses are organized by each method, indicating how detailed,general, causal/effect and easily replicable the studies are.

    The Use and Abuse of Social Media

    • Growing use of social media in research offers access to large datasets.
    • Concerns exist about lack of informed consent, potential coercion/manipulation, and potential targeting.

    Protecting Human Participants

    • Researchers have a primary obligation to avoid harm to participants.
    • Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) oversee research studies, protecting the rights and safety of participants
      • Participants enlist voluntarily.
      • Participants fully understand the study ("informed consent").
      • Participants' rights are protected,including the ability of study participants to withdraw at any time.
      • Study benefits should outweigh risks.
      • Participants must be protected from harm.
      • Participants must have access to study details.
      • Privacy must be observed.

    Your Subject Selection and Models of Abnormality Matrix

    • Students need to select a specific research topic concerning Models of Abnormality and the related topics.
    • They need to consider choosing a topic of interest within the broad framework.

    Questions, Comments & Next Steps

    • An overview of future topics of discussion.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on recent mental health statistics in the United States, including information on minority populations, treatment rates, and common mental disorders. This quiz covers various topics such as the percentage of the population experiencing mental illness and trends in mental health professions. Challenge yourself to see how much you know about mental health issues in America!

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