Mental Health Treatment Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of patients did not continue receiving antidepressant or psychotherapy treatment after month 5?

54.7% (correct)

70.0%

44.3%

60.5%

Which of the following factors is associated with increased antidepressant adherence and intensive psychotherapy use?

Lower percentage of treatment costs paid by patients (correct)

Higher percentage of treatment costs paid by patients

Increased number of therapy visits

Longer time from diagnosis to treatment

What is the median number of psychotherapy visits in the year following a patient's diagnosis?

7 (correct)

Which stage of change describes someone who is thinking about their problem but not ready to decide on action?

Contemplation Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of mental disorders can be diagnosed prior to age 25?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason most clinicians do not adhere strictly to a single model of psychopathology?

Value in an eclectic approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize in understanding abnormality?

The interaction of multiple influences Signup and view all the answers

According to the integration movement in psychotherapy, what is suggested to improve outcomes?

Assimilating techniques from various orientations Signup and view all the answers

How many therapeutic techniques were estimated by Norcross in 2011?

600 Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of integrative therapists?

They are often referred to as eclectic Signup and view all the answers

What type of theory do most therapists employ according to the content?

Prescriptive Eclectic Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the understanding of abnormal behavior?

Different perspectives are suited for different conditions. Signup and view all the answers

How do various therapeutic models influence clinical psychology?

They are influenced by the cultural beliefs of their authors. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the effects of psychotherapy is contributed by general effects according to Wampold?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered the most significant in therapy related to positive outcomes?

The therapeutic relationship Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients do not respond to treatment or relapse within a year according to the findings discussed?

60% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to unexplained variability in therapy outcomes?

Client differences Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of therapy outcomes is attributed to specific effects linked to particular models?

8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the common occurrence in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as noted in the findings?

Unimodal therapy is more common than bimodal therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT highlighted as a contributor to positive therapeutic outcomes?

Therapeutic model's complexity Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the success rates of interventions aimed at treating mental disorders?

They are modest for both adults and adolescents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of integration in psychotherapy?

To create a combined approach that forms a new methodology Signup and view all the answers

How does eclecticism differ from integration in psychotherapy?

Eclecticism pulls from various approaches without a unified theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a core common factor in therapy?

Therapeutic relationship or alliance Signup and view all the answers

What does catharsis refer to in psychological practice?

The release of pent-up emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with cathartic techniques according to recent research?

They may intensify negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic techniques are primarily associated with catharsis?

Primal therapy and Psychodrama Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as harmful regarding the suppression of emotions?

It may increase the likelihood of emotional outbursts Signup and view all the answers

When did the research on the effectiveness of cathartic techniques begin?

In the 1950s Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key limitations of the cathartic technique regarding expressive writing?

Its effectiveness depends on the timing of application. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals may find the denial of negative experiences beneficial according to the limitations of cathartic techniques?

Cancer patients in early adaptation stages. Signup and view all the answers

What does research suggest about the emotional expression connected with trauma?

It can be harmful without appropriate reevaluation. Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy has proven its effectiveness in Randomised Controlled Trials when it comes to relieving anxiety and depression?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding from the major British study on therapy outcomes in the NHS?

All therapeutic approaches provided similar outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches is least likely to have a positive effect during mourning according to the limitations of cathartic techniques?

Expressive writing about feelings. Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is considered harmful for cathartic techniques according to the limitations discussed?

Debriefing immediately after a traumatic event. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT considered a limitation of cathartic techniques?

It is effective for all patients dealing with trauma. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Overview

The lecture focuses on basic theoretical models of human functioning used in clinical psychology.
The overview centers around integrating clinical models.

Comparing the Models

Models consider biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, existential, family, and multicultural factors involved in cases of dysfunction.
Biological models focus on biological malfunction, psychodynamic on underlying conflicts, behavioral on maladaptive learning, cognitive on maladaptive thinking, humanistic on self-deficit, existential on avoidance of responsibility, social on family/social stress, and multicultural on external pressures or cultural conflicts.
Research support levels and consumer designations vary across models.
Therapist roles (e.g., doctor, interpreter, teacher, persuader, observer) and techniques (e.g., free association, conditioning, reasoning, reflection) differ.
Therapy goals (e.g., biological repair, broader psychological change) vary depending on the model.

Towards the Integration of Clinical Models

Clinicians often use an eclectic approach, meaning they use elements from different models.
The biopsychosocial model is frequently used, which considers the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences in abnormality.
Every perspective provides value in understanding abnormal behavior.

Integration of Clinical Models

The integration movement in psychotherapy suggests focusing on assimilating existing therapy constructs and techniques into existing therapies instead of forcing a choice between treatments.
Numerous therapeutic techniques exist.
Examples of specific numbers of techniques are 400 from Ross & Fonegy (1996) and 600 from Norcross (2011).
Resources such as the websites talkspace.com and div12.org offer more information on this topic.
The integration of models is influenced by author culture.
No single model can encompass all aspects of abnormality.
Different perspectives are useful for different conditions.
An integrated approach provides a framework for thinking about abnormal behavior and factors relevant to specific disorders.

Integrative or Eclectic?

Integration is a combined theoretical approach with an intention to create a whole new perspective.
Eclecticism is a practice of drawing from several approaches, selecting approaches based on the particular case.
Integrative practitioners are not bound by any specific therapy approach.

Multiple Pathways to Achieve Integration in Therapy

Common factors, which are core components of all therapy, are looked into across various theoretical approaches to find common healing elements.
Common factors are fundamental, not techniques.
Examples of common factors include therapeutic relationship/alliance, instillation of hope, attention, corrective experience, practicing new behaviors and opportunity for catharsis.

Cathartic Technique in Psychological Practice

Catharsis involves releasing emotions and venting anger.
Cultural norms often value containing emotions, but doing so can be harmful.
Catharsis is recognized as a healing technique in many cultural practices.
Methods such as debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapy, primal therapy, psychodrama, and emotion-focused therapy use cathartic techniques.
Many professionals regard cathartic techniques as vital for achieving positive therapeutic change.

Research on Cathartic Techniques

Research spanning back to the 1950s on the effectiveness of cathartic techniques yielded ambiguous results.
Intensified expression of negative emotions may paradoxically cause further intensification of those feelings.

Limitations of Cathartic Technique

People with personality dispositions to experience negative emotions may not benefit.
Expressing anger can be problematic for some situations.
Bereavement (grief) cases do not always improve through these techniques.
Debriefing after traumatic events can be harmful if done immediately after the event.
Evoking trauma-related emotions without proper reevaluation of the situation can be detrimental.
Effectiveness depends on the specific situation and when applied.
Patients with cancer may fare better with denial rather than expressing negative emotions during a difficult period.
Grieving and sexual violence cases show no positive effects with cathartic techniques.

Which Model is Best?

Counseling and Psychotherapy are usually more effective than medication for relieving anxiety and depression, but only certain kinds, like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), have been proven effective through controlled trials.
A British study comparing CBT, person-centered, and psychodynamic therapy in cases of mental disorders found no distinct advantage for any one approach.
Many approaches have seen good improvements in patients treated with these approaches.
Various resources offer information on effective treatments for psychological diagnoses.

What Works in Therapy

Major reviews identify factors affecting therapy outcomes.
General effects (common factors) are responsible for about 70% of positive outcomes.
Specific effects linked to a particular model make 8% of the total positive outcome.
22% of the positive outcomes are unexplained and are likely related to client differences.

So What Works?

The relationship factor is the most important factor, according to research.

New Science of Mental Disorders

Success rates for mental disorder interventions are modest, particularly with adults and adolescents, across various diagnoses.
Many patients do not benefit from treatment or relapse afterwards.
Short-term improvements do not guarantee sustained positive outcomes.
Many patients do not get treatment at all, and approximately 60% of those treated do not respond to treatment or relapse after a year.

Rates and Determinants of Use of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy by Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Treatment guidelines are not always followed.
Individuals frequently use one type of therapy (either medication or psychotherapy) in the first year.
Few continue treatment past 5 months for most patients.
Shorter time from diagnosis to treatment and lower patient-paid treatment costs are factors that relate to increased antidepressant use and intensive psychotherapy.

Assessing Motivation for Change: Stages of Change

Stages of change in therapy include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse, and recycling.
Precontemplation is a denial stage where individuals reject the need for change.
Contemplation includes ambivalence about making changes.
In preparation, individuals acknowledge a need for change.
Action involves implementing changes.
During maintenance, one maintains these positive changes.
Relapse represents setbacks, but patients can recycle.

Mental Disorder Diagnosis

A significant portion (approximately 70%) of mental health disorders are diagnosed before age 25.
These conditions form the most significant burden on mental health during the 20-24 age range.

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Description

Test your knowledge on mental health treatment statistics and concepts. This quiz covers adherence to antidepressants, psychotherapy visits, and the stages of change in mental health. Challenge yourself with questions on diagnosis timelines and treatment patterns.