Memory and Information Processing Theory
25 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the Information Processing Theory of Memory?

  • Encoding (correct)
  • Retrieval
  • Storage
  • Recall

    • What best describes Sensory Memory?

  • Briefly holds an exact copy of incoming sensory information. (correct)
  • Stores memories permanently.
  • Holds information for a long duration.
  • Processes auditory stimuli for about one minute.

    • How many bits of information can Short Term Memory typically hold?

  • Ten bits
  • Three bits
  • Seven bits (correct)
  • Five bits

    • Which of the following best describes Effortful Processing?

    <p>Applying deliberate strategies to retain information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Short Term Memory?

    <p>It can be easily interrupted or interfered with.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect in memory encoding?

    <p>Better recall of information presented at the beginning of a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does proactive interference affect memory?

    <p>It disrupts the consolidation of earlier learned information due to later interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept states that the way information is encoded affects how it can be retrieved?

    <p>Encoding Specificity Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting illustrate?

    <p>Forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is most influenced by strong emotions?

    <p>Flashbulb Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Long-term potentiation' refer to?

    <p>Strengthening of synaptic connections in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In network models of long-term memory, what are 'nodes'?

    <p>Memory files that contain information about specific concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does state-dependent learning imply about memory retrieval?

    <p>It is easier to recall information in the same physiological state as when learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does misinformation have on memory recall?

    <p>It causes individuals to misremember details.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the spacing effect in memory retention?

    <p>Distributed practice enhances long-term retention over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily associated with the storage of explicit memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between recall and recognition in memory retrieval?

    <p>Recognition involves identifying information with aid, while recall does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the tendency to maintain one’s initial beliefs despite contradictory evidence?

    <p>Belief Perseverance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In problem-solving, what does the term 'heuristic' refer to?

    <p>A mental shortcut based on past experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prototype in the context of mental concepts?

    <p>An example that best represents a concept category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cognitive processing involves moving from specific facts to general principles?

    <p>Inductive thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is functional fixedness in problem-solving?

    <p>Believing an object can only serve its traditional purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive strategy ensures a guaranteed solution, albeit slowly?

    <p>Algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Priming in memory refers to what process?

    <p>Activating particularly related associations unconsciously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes trial and error as a problem-solving method?

    <p>Trying solutions in no particular order without a guarantee of success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory

    • Memory is an active system that stores, organizes, alters, and receives information.
    • It retains learned information and prior experiences but is selective.
    • Information Processing Theory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval are key steps. Memory can fail at any stage.

    Simplified Model of Memory

    • Sensory Memory: Briefly holds an exact copy of sensory input.
      • Iconic memory: Visual stimuli (½ second).
      • Echoic memory: Auditory stimuli.
    • Short-Term (Working) Memory: Conscious, limited capacity (approximately 7 bits), and short duration (20-30 seconds).
      • Easily interrupted or affected by interference.
    • Encoding: Process of getting information into memory.
      • Effortful processing: Consciously transferring STM to LTM through strategies like rehearsal.
      • Automatic processing: Little effort, occurs unconsciously (e.g., time, order).

    Memory Encoding and Position Effects

    • Serial Position Effect: First and last items in a list are best recalled.
      • Primary Effect: Better recall of initial items.
      • Recency Effect: Better recall of final items.
    • Middle items require more rehearsal.

    Forgetting and Retention

    • Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting: Forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off.
    • Ebbinghaus Retention Curve: Practicing material multiple times on Day 1 leads to fewer repetitions needed to relearn it on Day 2.
    • Spacing Effect: Distributed practice leads to better long-term retention than massed practice.

    Interference

    • Interference: Learning one thing can disrupt the consolidation of another.
      • Proactive Interference: Earlier learning disrupts later learning.
      • Retroactive Interference: Later learning disrupts earlier learning.

    Encoding Specificity Principle & Mood-Dependent Memory

    • Retrieval is better when retrieval context matches encoding context.
    • Encoding Specificity: Nature of encoding strongly influences retrieval.
    • Mood-Congruent Memory: Recall is easier when mood matches learning mood.
    • State-Dependent Learning: Recall is better in same physiological state as learning.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Stores vast amounts of information over long periods.
    • Based on meaning and importance.
    • Capacity and Duration unknown(but lasting is assumed)
    • Long-Term Potentiation: Strengthening neural pathways through repeated use.

    Network Model of LTM

    • Related items stored in interconnected networks (nodes).
    • Associations create links between nodes.
    • Memory Redintegration: Memories reconstructed through associations.

    Constructive Processing

    • Memories are updated and reconstructed based on logic, guesses, and new information.
    • Misinformation Effect: Misleading information can alter memories.
    • Pseudo-memories: Incorrect memories are constructed and become part of stored memories.
    • Flashbulb memories: Vivid, detailed memories of significant emotional events.

    Explicit vs. Implicit Memory

    • Explicit memory: Conscious awareness (facts, experiences)
    • Implicit memory: Skills, motor responses, without conscious recollection

    Sources of Amnesia

    Recall vs. Recognition

    • Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
    • Recognition: Identifying information with cues.

    Retrieval Cues & Priming

    • Retrieval cues: Contextual information helping recall.
    • Priming: Activation of related memories.

    Retrieval Failure & Improving Memory

    • Retrieval failure: Inability to retrieve stored information.
    • Methods to improve memory are not included in the text

    Cognitive Information Processing

    • Mental Images: Visual representations.
    • Mental Concepts: Generalized ideas (schemas).
    • Language: Symbols for thinking and communication.

    Thinking in Mental Concepts (Schemas)

    • Mental Concepts: Generalized representations of objects or events.
    • Prototypes: Best examples that represent a concept.

    Problem Solving

    • Insight: Sudden realization of a solution.
    • Obstacles: Overcoming mental blocks to solutions.
      • Framing: Problem presentation influencing thought processes.
      • Functional Fixedness: Thinking of objects only in their traditional functions.

    Problem Solving Strategies

    • Trial and Error: Trying various solutions.
    • Algorithms: Step-by-step processes guaranteeing a solution.
    • Heuristics: Strategies minimizing possibilities.
      • Representative heuristic: Judging based on similarity to prototypes.
      • Availability heuristic: Judging based on ease of retrieval.

    Patterns of Thinking

    • Inductive thought: Specific to general.
    • Deductive thought: General to specific.

    Creativity

    • Sternberg's components for creativity: Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of memory, including sensory memory, short-term and long-term storage, and the processes of encoding and retrieval. This quiz will test your understanding of key memory models and the effects of position in recall tasks. Dive into the complexities of how we store and retrieve information!

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser