Media Evolution Quiz: Legacy vs Digital

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Questions and Answers

What significant change in media began in Japan during the 1860s?

Start of internet for commercial use

Launch of newspapers alongside the end of the samurai era (correct)

First television broadcasts

Introduction of radio broadcasting

Which technological advancement was introduced in the 1970s specifically for news media?

Social Network Services

Smartphone technology

Television broadcasting

Electronic news gathering (ENG) (correct)

What distinguishes Legacy Media from Digital Media according to the provided content?

Digital Media features only professional journalists.

Legacy Media primarily involves printed and broadcasted platforms. (correct)

Legacy Media includes social network services.

Digital Media relies solely on television news shows.

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a type of media during the early stages of news broadcasting?

Telegram Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the 'inverted pyramid' style of reporting?

Starting with the most critical information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of watchdog journalism?

To investigate and hold power to account Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes political reporters in a major newspaper in Japan?

They are often insiders of the political sphere Signup and view all the answers

What is an important requirement for writing an academic research paper?

Provide in-text citations and a reference list Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of sources should be avoided when conducting academic research?

Writings by unknown authors Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of writing that must be considered according to the guidelines?

Ensuring that the writing is logical and clear Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following topics is recommended for an academic research paper on media and politics?

The role of the media in political events after WWII Signup and view all the answers

In the context of academic research, what type of content analysis should be used?

Media contents relevant to the topic of study Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the practice of highlighting specific issues to shape public opinion about a political leader?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an attribute that could be used in agenda-setting?

Popularity Signup and view all the answers

How does Public Relations (PR) differ from advertising in terms of cost?

Advertising incurs costs for airing, while PR can be costless unless specialists are hired. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a PR specialist often perform for their clients?

Spokesperson and lobbyist roles in public and media Signup and view all the answers

In the context of agenda-setting, which of the following issues is a sub-issue of a larger theme, such as Issue A?

US-China Relations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Public Relations?

To maintain a positive relationship between the client and the public Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about media coverage and political leaders is accurate?

Media coverage can influence which issues voters use to evaluate political leaders. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of spin control in PR?

Presenting facts in a way that favors the client Signup and view all the answers

What is one method through which advertisements can impact voter perception?

By creating both positive and negative portrayals of candidates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of news frames according to the provided content?

To provide meaning to events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of a 'Pro-nuclear' news frame?

It presents nuclear power as a technological advancement. Signup and view all the answers

How do news sources influence news framing?

By providing news frames that promote specific narratives. Signup and view all the answers

What type of news frame contrasts the 'Pro-nuclear' frame?

Danger frame Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about episodic framing is likely true based on the content?

It focuses on specific events without broader context. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of international news, which framing concepts are highlighted?

Nationalism and Patriotism Signup and view all the answers

What happens to events that do not align with existing news frames?

They are less likely to receive significant media coverage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of competing news frames mentioned?

Pro-life vs. Pro-choice regarding abortion Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested to be minimal within the 'Progress news frame' for nuclear energy?

Danger associated with nuclear power Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Excellent Final Reports

Summaries of final reports for 2023 and 2022 are included
Topics range from media pluralism to political campaigns and labor conditions
Analyses of Indonesian media and fuel price increases are also present

Special Treatments to Make Up

Students can receive special consideration for missed deadlines due to legitimate reasons
This includes participation points, make-up exams, and extensions for assignments
Students must promptly notify their instructor within two days of absence and provide supporting documents (doctor's note, etc.)

Rough Sketch of Media History

Printed newspapers emerged in the 17th-18th Centuries in Western countries, spreading across the globe
Radio broadcasting started in the 1920s in Western countries, mirroring the evolution in Japan
Television broadcasting followed in the mid-20th century globally
The internet revolutionized commercial use in the 1990s
Social media (SNS) gained traction in the 2000s
Smartphones and their associated platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok) proliferated in the 2010s

Video: Frontline Reporting

The video discusses media coverage of wars in the USA
It highlights the evolution of news technologies, from print media and telegraphs to radio, film cameras, and satellite broadcasts
The inverted pyramid style of reporting is also an important point within that media.
This method prioritizes the most important information at the beginning of a news report

Old and New News Media

Legacy media (print, TV) includes newspapers, news magazines, TV shows, documentaries, and vertical media
Digital media (internet, social media) encompasses websites, blogs, social networks, and horizontal media

What is News in the Past?

News is defined by what politicians/political actors deem important, which may be framed as timely, important or interesting.
Events (elections, conflicts), Issues (problems/policy), and Actors (speech/action) are chosen for reporting
News organizations select, narrate, and package these events for the public
News consumption is varied, encompassing entertainment and political action

What is News in 2016?

News is expanding from traditional sources (news organizations) to contemporary sources (everyday citizens) in a variety of formats and places
The creation of stories is multifaceted, influenced by commercial interests, communication technologies, and individual preferences

What Role the Media Play in Society

Surveillance: Media highlight events & issues for the public, also individuals
Interpretation: providing context and background; speculation and evaluations concerning consequences of issues or events
Socialization: media influences knowledge of values and behaviors within a certain culture
Manipulation: media plays a part of the game of politics

Journalism Still Matters

95% of information came from traditional journalism in the context of the discussion surrounding the importance of journalism

Era of Confusion?

A significant portion (60%) of influencers lack basic fact-checking procedures, raising concerns about the spread of misinformation/fake news.
The study highlights that the "number of likes and views" is a primary factor in influencers' assessment of online source credibility.

What is Politics?

Politics is the striving to influence power distribution, either within or between countries
It encompasses "who gets what, when, and how." and is characterized by policymaking and power struggles.

Elements of Politics

A state is constituted by government, people, and territory.
A nation comprises individuals bound by common history, culture, language, and homeland.
Government is the group controlling the state and its affairs.

Forms of Government

Liberal democracies feature citizen participation in policymaking but also have freedom of speech, press, religion etc
Non-liberal "democracies" have single-party rule and/or characteristics of authoritarianism

Freedom of Speech & Press in Liberal Democracy

Gov't works in the interests of the public.
People who demand something from the Gov't have to speak up and make their voices heard.
News media outlets provide a means for the public to be informed and hold the Gov't accountable
Press acts as a watchdog, critically assessing the actions and policies of the government.

What is Power in Politics?

Power is defined as the ability to realize one's will despite resistance from others.
In democracies, power is divided among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and through budget constraints.

Four Theories of the Press

Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Theories
Each provides a different perspective on the media and its relationship to the state.

Libertarian Theory

Developed in England and the United States
Media is meant to uncover the truth and scrutinize government
Objective journalistic activities

Developed in the US during the 20th century
Purposes of media are to inform, entertain and to raise discussion
Media should be trustworthy and conduct its business ethically

Authoritarian Theory

Originated in 16th-17th century England
Media is used to support government policies
Gov't controls and regulates the media

Soviet Communist Theory

Developed in the Soviet Union (1922-1991)
Media is a tool to promote socialist society.
Gov't controls the media and uses it as a form of propaganda to maintain power.

State Media Ownership

State ownership of media is linked to poorer, less democratic countries with lower educational levels and more state intervention in the economy
State ownership is inversely correlated with press freedom
State-owned media varies in its degree of autonomy with some tightly controlled by the government, while others maintain more independent.
Such institutions can function as a form of watchdog against the government.

Private Media Ownership

Understanding the relationship of media oligarchs with the political system and the role of media owners in politics and democratic systems
Media ownership can be a political concern in most countries.

Dog Metaphors for Journalism in Democracy

Watchdog Journalism: the press holding those in power accountable for how well they use the gov't for public interests
Lapdog journalism: total submissiveness; ignoring the interests of the public and focusing on maintaining their own relationship with those in power; accessing to important people
Guard dog journalism: the press focusing on the interests of certain groups

"Chinese Watchdog" Journalism in 90s

Economic reforms in the 1970s led to commercialization in several industries, including media.
The government encouraged media to uncover corruption
Watchdog journalism and other forms of journalism are still being practices today.

The Post (cont')

Newspapers, particularly The New York Times, have played a pivotal role in exposing government wrongdoing
Reporters like Neil Sheehan investigated the Vietnam War and published classified documents (Pentagon Papers), which ultimately led to President Nixon's resignation.

News Media vs. Gov't

The First Amendment protects the freedom of the press in the US.
The press has a crucial democratic function of holding powerful individuals/the government accountable.

Media & Politics in Films

Films like Spotlight (2015), The Insider (1999), and Thank You for Smoking (2005) use narrative to depict media influence and political issues including the press's role in investigative journalism
The films highlight the impact of media coverage on public opinion.

Roles of Political Reporters

Political reporters have complex roles in society and in contemporary journalism as they can function as a watchdog or be beholden to those in power
Journalists can also build relationships with political figures to gather information from well-connected sources and remain trustworthy
This relationship raises ethical concerns to maintaining objectivity

Publications & Media Contents

Academic research papers typically require specific evidence sources to support arguements.
Academic content includes publications, journalistic content, and primary sources.

Empirical Research

Gathering information through media content analysis, interviews and surveys.
Academic publications are essential sources for background info, frameworks and methods of data collection and analysis

Myth of Objective Journalism

Objectivity in journalism is an elusive goal and often a contested concept and idealized notions
Journalists' personal biases can affect their reporting
External factors (political, economic, social) also strongly influence journalism

Ideological Bias

Journalists are often influenced by the business interests of their news organizations.
Ideological bias exists (especially in US media organizations) despite journalists, who often try to portray their reporting as objective.

Cultural Bias

News is influenced by local and national contexts, including language, cultural norms, and values
News coverage frequently reflects common assumptions, perspectives and values of the dominant groups in society

Nationalism Only for Conservatives

The association of nationalism with conservatism is historically inaccurate, as nationalism is not inherently a political stance on the political spectrum.
Nationalist sentiments can drive behaviors in various social groups.
People can have a range of different perspectives.

Nationalism & Bias

Major media frequently concerns itself with national issues.
Media outlets may be beholden to national interests
Media may cover topics in a way that is advantageous to their audiences or that aligns with national interests

News Frame as an Umbrella Term (#1 & #2)

News frames are tools for structuring content in specific ways to appeal to readers or audiences
News reports may focus on episodic elements (one specific, singular event) or be framed in a thematic manner (focus on the broader context)
Certain framing techniques may emphasize one side of an issue over another, thereby potentially influencing public opinion.

Entman's News Framing Analysis

Entman's framework encompasses various approaches to analyzing how news stories present certain aspects of a topic/event that are often related to certain framing strategies or techniques.
Investigative journalism may involve deductive analysis involving gathering and examining facts, evidence, and other resources to determine cause and effect
News reports/stories are important to examine

Yomiuri vs. Asahi: History Textbook Controversy (2011)

Yomiuri and Asahi, major Japanese newspapers, had contrasting stances on the 2001 history textbook controversy. differing approaches
Asahi more strongly focused on the international relations aspect whereas Yomiuri focused on the domestic perspective and public reaction.

Media & Public Opinion

Agenda setting: Media significantly influences public opinion by highlighting certain issues
Priming: Media's focus on specific aspects of an issue may alter public perception/evaluation of political figures/issues

PR & Advertisement

Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing relationships between organizations and public audiences with the goal of maintaining favourable images.
Advertising is a paid form of media aimed at promoting products or services

Case of PR & Int'l Public Opinion

PR strategies have been used in international conflicts, such as the Gulf War and Bosnian War.
Public opinion can be mobilized in various ways, even through narratives that differ from observable and demonstrable facts.

Social media platforms are sometimes used as tools to promote personal biases, leading to echo chambers, filter bubbles, and microtargeting.
These platform strategies are increasingly problematic for democracy

Legal Approaches & Factors

Libel (defamation) is illegal in most countries
Politicians can sue media organizations or journalists for defamation in many parts of the world
Laws vary across nations regarding the freedom of the press and potential legal liability

Strategic Communication

Both condensational and referential symbols play significant roles in how news organizations deliver information.
A simple formula for effective PR strategies involves carefully considering the target audience to improve public perception.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the evolution of media, focusing on significant changes that began in Japan during the 1860s and advancements introduced in the 1970s. This quiz will also explore the distinctions between Legacy Media and Digital Media, along with key journalistic practices like the 'inverted pyramid' style and watchdog journalism.