29 Questions
What is the function of second messengers in a signal transduction pathway?
Carry the original exterior signal to the interior of the cell
Which type of signaling molecule can cross the cell membrane?
Steroid hormones
What is the primary role of receptors in a signal transduction pathway?
Receive signaling molecules
Which signaling molecules cannot cross the cell membrane?
Peptide hormones
What triggers the activation of a cellular response in a signal transduction pathway?
Signaling molecules
What initiates a series of intracellular reactions known as signal transduction?
Receptors binding to signaling molecules
In cell signaling, what is the stage where the change of external signal into an intracellular message occurs?
Transduction
What is responsible for fitting together like a 'lock and key model' in cell signaling?
Receptors and signaling molecules
Which type of molecules are produced and secreted from one cell, binding to receptors expressed by other cells?
Signaling molecules
What occurs during the stage known as 'Response' in cell signaling?
Activation of cellular response
What is the primary function of signal transduction in cell signaling?
Regulate cell behavior
Which type of signaling occurs when a cell secretes molecules that act on itself?
Autocrine signaling
In which type of signaling do cells secrete molecules into the bloodstream to target distant cells throughout the body?
Endocrine signaling
Which of the following examples best illustrates paracrine signaling?
Insulin secreted by pancreatic cells acting on liver cells to regulate glucose metabolism
Which type of signaling is involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, such as those mediated by cadherins and integrins?
Juxtacrine signaling
Which of the following signaling molecules are involved in embryonic development and immune responses?
Notch and Delta
Which of the following glands does NOT secrete hormones involved in endocrine signaling?
Liver
What is the primary effect of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle cells?
Muscle contraction
How does the response of a cell to an extracellular signal molecule vary?
Both the receptor proteins and intracellular signaling pathway
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the body?
All of the above
What is the significance of the Nobel Prize awarded to Prof. Dr. Louis J. Ignarro in 1998?
For discovering the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular diseases
What is the role of acetylcholine in the regulation of blood vessel diameter?
It causes smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall to relax
How does nitric oxide (NO) exert its effects on target cells?
By directly passing across the target-cell plasma membrane
What is the primary function of nitric oxide (NO) in the context of blood vessel dilation?
To directly relax the smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel walls
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) from arginine?
Nitric oxide synthase
What is the mechanism by which NO signals smooth muscle cells to relax?
NO stimulates the production of cGMP by activating guanylyl cyclase
What is the half-life of nitric oxide (NO) in the extracellular space?
5-10 seconds
Which autonomic nerves release acetylcholine, leading to the release of NO and subsequent blood vessel dilation?
Autonomic nerves in the walls of blood vessels
Which drug, used to treat angina pectoris, has a mechanism of action related to the effects of NO on blood vessels?
Nitroglycerin
Test your knowledge on cell signaling in medical biology with this quiz. Learn about how cells receive signals and respond to them, as well as the role of signalling molecules and receptors in regulating cellular behavior.
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