Measures of Central Tendency: Mean and Median
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Questions and Answers

What is the method of calculating the mean?

  • Dividing each value of the continuous variable by the sample size and then summing
  • Summing each value of the continuous variable and dividing it by the sample size (correct)
  • Multiplying each value of the continuous variable by the sample size and then dividing
  • Summing each value of the continuous variable and multiplying it by the sample size

    • What is a disadvantage of the mean?

  • It is not sensitive to extreme values
  • It is only used for large sample sizes
  • It is sensitive to extreme values (correct)
  • It is only used for categorical variables

    • What is the middle value in a dataset when the values are sorted in ascending order?

  • Mode
  • Range
  • Median (correct)
  • Mean

    • What happens to the median when the number of patients is even?

    <p>The median will be the average of the middle two values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of the dataset 80, 90, 95, 110, 120?

    <p>There is no mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measures of dispersion?

    <p>To provide an index of how much there is dispersion or variability in the values of a continuous variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of the dataset 80, 90, 95, 110, 120?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the range?

    <p>It ignores all the values and takes only the lowest and the highest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of inferential statistics in clinical research?

    <p>To generalize the results from the sample to the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confidence interval?

    <p>A range of values that estimates a parameter with a specified degree of confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to ensure that the sample represents the target population?

    <p>To ensure that the results are generalizable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics?

    <p>Descriptive statistics summarizes data, while inferential statistics makes conclusions about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of using inferential statistics in clinical research?

    <p>To generalize the results to the target population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypothesis testing used for in inferential statistics?

    <p>To test a hypothesis about the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of estimating a parameter using a confidence interval?

    <p>To provide a range of values within which the parameter is likely to lie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the concept of inferential statistics in clinical research?

    <p>To generalize the results to the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistics will be used to summarize the data in EXAMPLE 1?

    <p>Both descriptive and inferential statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical test will be used to compare means between groups in EXAMPLE 1?

    <p>t-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What software will be used to perform statistical analyses in EXAMPLE 1?

    <p>SPSS software version 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance level set for all statistical tests in EXAMPLE 1?

    <p>0.05</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistical analysis will be used to explore relationships between variables in EXAMPLE 2?

    <p>Correlation and regression analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What software will be used to perform statistical analyses in EXAMPLE 2?

    <p>R software version 4.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of checking assumptions of normality, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity in EXAMPLE 2?

    <p>To conduct regression analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages of data analysis will be performed in EXAMPLE 3?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome measure in the diabetes management program?

    <p>Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for measuring Body Weight in the diabetes management program?

    <p>Weight management is crucial in diabetes control and can influence glycemic levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome measure in the smoking cessation intervention?

    <p>Smoking Abstinence Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is smoking abstinence verified in the smoking cessation intervention?

    <p>By carbon monoxide (CO) breath tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in the diabetes management program?

    <p>To provide additional information on daily glucose control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement of Medication Adherence in the diabetes management program?

    <p>Proportion of days covered (PDC) by prescribed medications over 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for measuring the incidence of hypoglycemic events in the diabetes management program?

    <p>Important safety outcome to assess potential risks associated with the program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the smoking cessation intervention?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a large variance indicate?

    <p>Values are far away from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Standard Deviation (SD)?

    <p>$$\sqrt{\frac{\sum(Xi - \bar{x})^2}{n}}$$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a histogram and a bar chart?

    <p>The bars in a histogram are connected to reflect continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary outcome in a study?

    <p>The main result that a study is designed to assess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of secondary outcomes in a study?

    <p>To understand the broader effects of the intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of primary outcomes?

    <p>Singular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do secondary outcomes provide in a study?

    <p>Context and additional data to explain the primary outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are primary outcomes defined?

    <p>Before the study begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Measures of Central Tendency

    • Three measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
    • Mean: calculated by summing up each value and dividing by sample size
    • Disadvantage of mean: sensitive to extreme values
    • Median: middle value that divides data into two halves
    • To calculate median: sort values in ascending or descending order and choose middle value
    • If number of patients is even, median is the average of middle two values
    • Mode: most frequently occurring number

    Measures of Dispersion

    • Three measures of dispersion: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation (SD)
    • Range: difference between highest and lowest values
    • Disadvantage of range: ignores all values except highest and lowest
    • Variance: measure of how much values are away from the mean
    • Small variance: values are close to each other
    • Large variance: values are far away from each other
    • Standard Deviation (SD): square root of variance; most frequently used measure of dispersion
    • Formula for SD: √((Σ(Xi - x̄)^2) / (n - 1))

    Graphical Representation

    • Histogram: most frequently used graph for continuous variables
    • Box and Whisker Plot (Box Plot): another type of graph used to represent continuous variables

    Determining Primary and Secondary Research Outcomes

    • Primary outcomes: main results of a study; pre-specified and critical to determining sample size and power calculations
    • Secondary outcomes: additional results that provide more information on the intervention's effects

    Inferential Statistics

    • Used to draw conclusions on a population based on a sample
    • Crucial step in generalizing results from a study to the target population
    • Types of inferential statistics: confidence interval and hypothesis testing (p-value)
    • Confidence Interval (CI): range of values that includes the parameter being estimated with a specified degree of confidence

    Examples of Statistical Analysis Sections in Research Proposals

    • Example 1: Simple statistical analysis section
    • Example 2: Intermediate statistical analysis section
    • Example 3: Advanced statistical analysis section

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    Description

    Quiz on measures of central tendency, including the mean and median, with examples and calculations. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each measure.

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