Marine Resource Management Principles

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Questions and Answers

What is a key driver of fisheries overexploitation?

Strict regulation of open seas

Decrease in global population

Reduction in fishing technology

Illegal fishing practices (correct)

What is the main purpose of aquaculture?

To protect marine ecosystems from exploitation

To regulate community-based fisheries

To enhance the reproduction of aquatic organisms (correct)

To eliminate the need for fishing altogether

Which of the following is NOT a principle outlined by Elinor Ostrom for managing common resources?

Resource boundaries must be clearly defined

External authorities must enforce all regulations (correct)

Benefits of improved productivity should outweigh costs

Local users should monitor and enforce rules

What does the term 'tragedy of the commons' refer to?

The overexploitation of shared resources due to self-interest Signup and view all the answers

How do community-based fisheries empower local communities?

By promoting collective decision-making and sustainable practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of marine protected areas?

They aim to protect marine ecosystems actively Signup and view all the answers

In Ostrom's design principles, what is emphasized regarding local users?

They have a shared interest and responsibility in the resource Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant aspect of customary marine tenure systems in the South Pacific?

They involve local management practices for resource sustainability Signup and view all the answers

What action does the ESA take to prevent extinction of species?

It prohibits any form of taking (killing or capturing) endangered animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for determining the status of an endangered species?

Successful population growth Signup and view all the answers

What are the three 'R's emphasized in recovery actions for endangered species?

Resiliency, Redundancy, Representation Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant constraint on the success of endangered species recovery efforts?

Uneven distribution of funding for endangered species Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Environmental Justice Movement?

It advocates for equity in environmental law enforcement regardless of demographic factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of the Environmental Justice Movement?

To ensure equal access to decision-making processes related to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of cutting-edge resource allocation approaches for endangered species conservation?

Optimizing resources based on benefit, cost, and probability of success. Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a 'knapsack' problem in the context of endangered species conservation?

Choosing which species to save given limited resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is one major benefit of defining fishing boundaries in local communities?

It helps prevent overfishing by controlling access. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is commonly utilized in South Pacific nations to manage fisheries?

Co-management between local communities, governments, and NGOs. Signup and view all the answers

How do local communities contribute to enforcing fishing rules?

Through community surveillance programs and traditional practices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key perspective of South Pacific communities on fisheries?

Fisheries are seen as a shared resource supporting collective well-being. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contribution of marine fisheries to the UN Sustainable Development Goals?

Encouraging no poverty and zero hunger. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'endangered' signify according to the Endangered Species Act?

A species in danger of extinction across its range. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Endangered Species Act?

To recover imperiled species and their ecosystems. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'threatened' refer to in the context of the Endangered Species Act?

A species likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. Signup and view all the answers

What does distributive justice emphasize in environmental contexts?

No group should bear a disproportionate burden of negative environmental consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of justice allows individuals to participate in decisions affecting their health and environment?

Procedural justice Signup and view all the answers

In terms of climate change, which statement best captures the essence of environmental justice?

Marginalized and low-income communities often bear the brunt of climate change consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of an environmental justice issue related to air quality?

The Flint water crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas) serve?

It documents environmental justice conflicts and highlights struggles against environmental degradation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue in the Zambia Black Mountain mining conflict?

Corporate mining operations that pollute the environment and threaten livelihoods. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is associated with corrective justice in environmental contexts?

Providing full compensation and reparations for victims of environmental injustice. Signup and view all the answers

How do Indigenous communities in the Arctic exemplify the intersection of climate change and environmental justice?

They experience loss of traditional lands and livelihoods due to climate change impacts. Signup and view all the answers

What is desertification primarily caused by in the context of wind?

Removing plants from land Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive water withdrawal for agricultural irrigation?

Waterlogging and reduced oxygen for plants Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential environmental impact of using excess fertilizer in agriculture?

Contamination of drinking water Signup and view all the answers

What issue has arisen from the heavy reliance on toxic pesticides in modern agriculture?

Decreased effectiveness against target pests Signup and view all the answers

What does food sovereignty prioritize compared to food security?

The right to access culturally appropriate food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a concern linked to genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

Corporate control and market interests Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of agricultural practices on local ecosystems?

Loss of terrestrial habitats such as forests and wetlands Signup and view all the answers

What primary source of contaminants affects clean water access in the San Joaquin Valley?

Agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What energy consumption fact is given for corn production in the U.S.?

Equates to using 800 liters of oil per hectare Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of UN Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2)?

Achieve zero hunger Signup and view all the answers

Which social negative is commonly associated with modern food production?

Food deserts Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to soil loss and degradation in modern farming?

Water erosion Signup and view all the answers

How do larger farms commonly impact the food system?

They prioritize industrialized farming practices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the loss of crop and livestock diversity?

Increased vulnerability to failures Signup and view all the answers

What actions are being taken by communities in response to water contamination issues?

Mobilizing for stronger regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor leading to food insecurity and hunger?

Food deserts in low-income areas Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Freshwater and Marine Resources

Fisheries overexploitation is driven by factors including demand, population growth, technology lacking feedback, incomplete knowledge, and lack of regulation.
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic organisms, often targeting shrimp, salmon, and mussels for reproduction enhancement.
Marine protected areas aim to effectively manage marine ecosystems.
Community-based fisheries empower local communities to manage marine resources sustainably using collective decision-making, sustainable practices, and habitat protection.

Contributions of Researchers

Garrett Hardin's work highlighted the tragedy of the commons in fisheries, emphasizing the unsustainable nature of individuals acting in their self-interest to deplete shared resources without regulation.
Elinor Ostrom challenged the inevitability of the tragedy, emphasizing tailored solutions for managing common-pool resources, acknowledging the ecological, cultural, and institutional contexts of each case.

Application of Ostrom's Principles

Principles like clearly defined boundaries for resources and collaborative management by local users, involving communities in the design and modification of governing rules, and promoting monitoring and enforcement by local users are applied.
Sustainable practices result in productivity outweighing costs.

Benefits of Small-Scale & Community-Based Fisheries

Contributions to local food security.
Support for local economies by creating employment opportunities for fishers and traders.
Emphasize sustainable, low-impact fishing techniques.

Contribution of Fisheries to UN SDGs

Examples of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) linked to fisheries include no poverty, zero hunger, and life below water.

Conservation of Endangered Species

The Endangered Species Act (1973) aims to recover imperiled species and ecosystems.
Factors including habitat loss, overutilization, disease/predation, and inadequacy of existing regulations lead to extinction threats.
Actions include preventing extinction and recovery actions to restore populations and maintain habitat leading to more resilient, redundant, and representative populations.
Limited funding for species recovery represents a “knapsack” problem.
Resource allocation prioritization considerations should be based on factors such as conservation support tools and optimized species benefit, probability of success, and cost-decision weights.

Environmental Justice

Environmental justice prioritizes fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental laws, regulations, and policies to achieve healthy environments.
Recognizing and differentiating between distributive, procedural, and corrective justice.
Climate change impacts as an environmental justice issue. Current Environmental Justice issues like air pollution, flint water, and specific PM2.5 concentration.
EJAtlas (Environmental Justice Atlas) is an example of resources detailing environmental justice conflicts globally.

Agriculture and Food Systems

Changes occur in farm size and number, pushing smaller farms out of business.
Diverse crops and livestock are essential for community resilience to climate change and disease.
Soil loss (erosion) and degradation have substantial environmental impacts exacerbated by runoff and wind erosion.
Water withdrawal for irrigation can lead to waterlogging and salinity, affecting crop yields and impacting aquatic systems.
Fertilizer use also plays a role, contributing to water pollution and biodiversity loss. Pesticides increase resistance levels in pests and can cause significant environmental issues with non-target species.
Genetic engineering has modified food production processes but has consequences such as potential escape into the wild and environmental impacts.
Loss of terrestrial habitats compromises biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Food Sovereignty and Security

Food sovereignty emphasizes people's right to access healthy, culturally appropriate food, produced sustainably, and locally, prioritizing people's needs over market and corporate interests.
Food security focuses on adequate daily food access.

Geology and Mineral Resources

Differentiating minerals, metals, and rocks.
Understanding rock cycle processes and conflict minerals.
Describing mining techniques and environmental impacts like habitat destruction, water pollution, and waste generation.
Recognizing geologic hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to fisheries overexploitation, aquaculture, and environmental justice. Focus on Elinor Ostrom's principles for managing common resources and the challenges faced in conserving marine biodiversity. This quiz is perfect for students of environmental science and policy.