PD Background and Treatment (Overview)

<p>Block the breakdown of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent the metabolism of levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elderly patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apomorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rotigotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pramipexole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rotigotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apomorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comtan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking the reuptake of dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin syndrome, hypertension, and CNS depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Safinamide (Xadago)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleviating tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantia Nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desipramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pimavanserin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prochlorperazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quetiapine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of dopamine in individuals with Parkinson's disease is to regulate movement and coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Substantia Nigra is the region responsible for producing dopamine in individuals with Parkinson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some common treatment options for managing symptoms and improving the quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease include medications such as Carbidopa/Levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of Entacapone in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is to inhibit the COMT enzyme, thereby preventing the breakdown of levodopa and increasing dopamine levels in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The black box warning associated with Tolcapone is severe liver injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main function of Amantadine in Parkinson's disease treatment is to block the reuptake of dopamine, thereby increasing its availability in the brain and improving motor symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of Selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is to inhibit the breakdown of dopamine in the brain, thereby increasing its levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are commonly referred to as 'TRAP' symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first line of treatment for Parkinson's disease involves replacing dopamine, the neurotransmitter that is deficient in the brain. This can be achieved through the use of dopamine precursors or dopamine agonists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential side effects of Carbidopa/Levodopa include nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesias, dystonias, and discoloration of bodily fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of COMT inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is to prevent the metabolism of levodopa, the most effective prodrug for Parkinson's disease, thus increasing its duration of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine agonists stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain, helping to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential side effects include somnolence, excessive sleepiness, daytime sleep attacks, nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, hallucinations, skin-site reactions, and dyskinesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patch should not be applied to the same site for 14 consecutive days to prevent skin irritation. Heat sources should be avoided over the patch, and the patch should be removed before undergoing an MRI scan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential side effects include severe nausea and vomiting, and hypotension (low blood pressure).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entacapone = Associated with severe liver injury Tolcapone = Should not be used if Livedo Reticularis occurs Amantadine = Carries a black box warning for serotonin syndrome, hypertension, and central nervous system depression Rasagiline = Associated with severe hepatic impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entacapone = Inhibits the breakdown of dopamine in the brain Amantadine = Blocks the reuptake of dopamine Benztropine = Reduces the activity of acetylcholine Droxidopa = Alpha and beta agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entacapone = May cause toxic delirium in individuals with renal impairment Amantadine = May include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention Benztropine = May cause syncope, headache, and falls Droxidopa = Similar side effects to levodopa, including gastrointestinal disturbances and dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entacapone = Comtan Tolcapone = Tasmar Amantadine = Azilect Rasagiline = Stalevo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desipramine = Treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease SSRIs = Can contribute to tremors and potentially cause serotonin syndrome Prochlorperazine = Should be avoided as it can worsen Parkinson's disease Pimavanserin (Nuplazid) = Approved for the treatment of psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinations or delusions = Pimavanserin (Nuplazid) Depression = Secondary amines such as Desipramine or Nortriptyline Psychosis = Quetiapine, Clozapine, or Pimavanserin (Nuplazid) Worsening of Parkinson's disease = Prochlorperazine, Phenothiazines, Haloperidol, Risperidone, and Metoclopramide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desipramine or Nortriptyline = Used to manage depression associated with Parkinson's disease SSRIs = Used to manage depression but can contribute to tremors and potentially cause serotonin syndrome Quetiapine, Clozapine, or Pimavanserin (Nuplazid) = Approved for the treatment of psychosis Prochlorperazine, Phenothiazines, Haloperidol, Risperidone, and Metoclopramide = Can worsen Parkinson's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradykinesia and Akinesia = Dopamine precursors or dopamine agonists Shaking/Tremors = Amantadine Depression and Anxiety = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Metabolism of Levodopa = Catecholo-Methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Replenishes dopamine levels in the brain Amantadine = Treats tremors MAO-B inhibitors = Block the breakdown of dopamine COMT inhibitors = Prevent the metabolism of levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Discoloration of bodily fluids, unusual sexual urges, and positive Coombs test Bromocriptine = Not recommended due to side effects COMT inhibitors = Should not be used in combination with dopamine drugs Central-acting anti-cholinergic medications = Potential side effects in the elderly population (BEERS criteria)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used to prevent the metabolism of levodopa = COMT inhibitors Commonly used to treat tremors = Amantadine Not recommended due to side effects = Bromocriptine Most effective treatment option = Levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Long-term use can lead to response fluctuations and more pronounced dyskinesia Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Can cause somnolence, nausea, and orthostatic hypotension Rotigotine = Transdermal patch should not be applied to the same site for 14 consecutive days Apomorphine = Dosage is written in milliliters, not milligrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Effectiveness can diminish over time Pramipexole and Ropinirole = May cause somnolence and daytime sleep attacks Rotigotine = Can cause skin-site reactions and dyskinesia Apomorphine = Potential severe nausea and vomiting, and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Should be taken separately from iron products Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Can cause skin-site reactions when used in patch formulations Rotigotine = Transdermal patch should not be applied to the same site for 14 consecutive days Apomorphine = Administered as an injection and used as a 'rescue' agent during 'OFF' periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbidopa/Levodopa = Replenishes dopamine levels in the brain Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain Rotigotine = Applied as a transdermal patch once daily at the same time Apomorphine = Often used as a 'rescue' agent during 'OFF' periods</p> Signup and view all the answers