Malignant Hypertension Risk Factors and Primary Treatment
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Malignant Hypertension Risk Factors and Primary Treatment

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a recommended treatment for all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and is associated with a decrease in hospitalizations and risk of death?

  • Aldosterone antagonists (correct)
  • ARNIs (Entresto)
  • Diuretics
  • Digoxin (digitalis)

    • Which medication blocks the effects of angiotensin II and is recommended for all patients with heart failure to reduce symptoms and disease progression?

  • ACEIs
  • Diuretics
  • Aldosterone antagonists
  • ARNIs (Entresto) (correct)

    • What is the primary effect of aldosterone antagonists when used in the long term for heart failure?

  • Decrease in exercise tolerance
  • Reduction in symptoms and mortality (correct)
  • Reduction in ejection fraction
  • Increase in contractility

    • For patients with heart failure at NYHA Class II-III, which medication can be utilized to improve ejection fraction in the long term?

    <p>Aldosterone antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment aim for minimizing the complications of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Aldosterone antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension and can be combined with diuretics?

    <p>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the atherosclerotic lesion based on Hannon & Porth's 2017 figure?

    <p>Endothelial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is specifically associated with atherosclerosis?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypertension treatment, what kind of drug is Aldactazide?

    <p>Aldosterone antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered an aldosterone antagonist?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Blockade of aldosterone receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly treated with aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT an aldosterone antagonist?

    <p>Ramipril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of aldosterone antagonists on potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Increase potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with the pathology of complicated hypertension?

    <p>Renal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypertension, which condition is most commonly treated with aldosterone antagonists?

    <p>Secondary hypertension due to renal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic blood pressure reading is considered 'elevated' for elderly individuals according to the Hypertension Canada's Guidelines (2022)?

    <p>Less than 160/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following age groups is commonly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>50-60 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>Sedentary lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diet is commonly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Atherogenic diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is often considered a precursor to atherosclerosis development?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

    <p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels greater than 60 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of endothelial injury on atherosclerosis development?

    <p>Increased adhesion of platelets and leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions contributes to the hypercoagulability of blood, thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Stasis of Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thromboembolism contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increases the risk of plaque rupture and vascular occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of endothelial injury associated with atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do varicosities contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>By promoting venous stasis and impaired circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism and subsequent atherosclerosis?

    <p>Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypercoagulability of blood contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>It increases the risk of clot formation in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aortic dissections on the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increases the risk of embolisms in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do embolisms contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>By increasing the probability of vascular occlusion and ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is commonly used to address hypercoagulability and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Anticoagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to available research, what effect does peripheral artery disease (PAD) have on the risk of developing atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increases the likelihood of thromboembolism formation in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

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