37 Questions
Which of the following is a recommended treatment for all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and is associated with a decrease in hospitalizations and risk of death?
Aldosterone antagonists
Which medication blocks the effects of angiotensin II and is recommended for all patients with heart failure to reduce symptoms and disease progression?
ARNIs (Entresto)
What is the primary effect of aldosterone antagonists when used in the long term for heart failure?
Reduction in symptoms and mortality
For patients with heart failure at NYHA Class II-III, which medication can be utilized to improve ejection fraction in the long term?
Aldosterone antagonists
What is the primary treatment aim for minimizing the complications of atherosclerosis?
Aldosterone antagonists
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Hypothyroidism
Which type of medication is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension and can be combined with diuretics?
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)
What is the primary characteristic of the atherosclerotic lesion based on Hannon & Porth's 2017 figure?
Endothelial injury
Which complication is specifically associated with atherosclerosis?
Myocardial infarction
In the context of hypertension treatment, what kind of drug is Aldactazide?
Aldosterone antagonist
Which medication is considered an aldosterone antagonist?
Spironolactone
What is the primary mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?
Blockade of aldosterone receptors
Which condition is commonly treated with aldosterone antagonists?
Heart failure
Which of the following drugs is NOT an aldosterone antagonist?
Ramipril
What is the main effect of aldosterone antagonists on potassium levels in the body?
Increase potassium levels
Which of the following is a potential side effect of aldosterone antagonists?
Hyperglycemia
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT associated with the pathology of complicated hypertension?
Renal abnormalities
In the context of hypertension, which condition is most commonly treated with aldosterone antagonists?
Secondary hypertension due to renal abnormalities
Which characteristic blood pressure reading is considered 'elevated' for elderly individuals according to the Hypertension Canada's Guidelines (2022)?
Less than 160/90 mmHg
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following age groups is commonly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?
50-60 years
Which of the following is considered a modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Sedentary lifestyle
What type of diet is commonly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?
Atherogenic diet
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis?
Low blood pressure
Which of the following conditions is often considered a precursor to atherosclerosis development?
Arteriosclerosis
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels greater than 60 mg/dL
What is the main effect of endothelial injury on atherosclerosis development?
Increased adhesion of platelets and leukocytes
Which of the following conditions contributes to the hypercoagulability of blood, thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis?
Stasis of Blood
How does thromboembolism contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?
Increases the risk of plaque rupture and vascular occlusion
Which of the following is a common cause of endothelial injury associated with atherosclerosis?
Hypertension
How do varicosities contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?
By promoting venous stasis and impaired circulation
Which condition is commonly associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism and subsequent atherosclerosis?
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
How does hypercoagulability of blood contribute to the development of atherosclerosis?
It increases the risk of clot formation in arteries
What is the primary effect of aortic dissections on the risk of atherosclerosis?
Increases the risk of embolisms in arteries
How do embolisms contribute to the risk of atherosclerosis?
By increasing the probability of vascular occlusion and ischemia
Which type of medication is commonly used to address hypercoagulability and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?
Anticoagulants
According to available research, what effect does peripheral artery disease (PAD) have on the risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Increases the likelihood of thromboembolism formation in arteries
Test your knowledge of risk factors and primary treatments for malignant hypertension (hypertensive crisis). Learn about age, ancestry, family history, lack of exercise, dietary factors, central obesity, insulin resistance, smoking, alcohol, drugs, sleep apnea, mental stress, lifestyle modifications, and primary treatments.
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