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Hypertension: Definition, Malignant Hypertension, and Pathogenesis

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Hypertension: Definition, Malignant Hypertension, and Pathogenesis

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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors?

Prevent production or function of angiotensin II enzyme (correct)

Block sympathetic effects on the heart

Increase bradykinin levels

Reduce peripheral resistance by arteriolar vasodilation

What is the characteristic feature of syncope?

Transient and sudden loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery (correct)

Requires electrical or chemical cardioversion for recovery

Results from cerebral atherosclerosis only

Permanent loss of consciousness

Which of the following is a cause of non-cardiac syncope?

Aortic valve stenosis

Arrhythmias

Vasovagal syncope (correct)

Cerebral atherosclerosis

What is the approximate systolic blood pressure below which loss of consciousness occurs?

70 mmHg (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cardiac syncope cases among all syncope cases?

5% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are the elderly at higher risk for syncopal attacks?

Due to cerebral atherosclerosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of hypertension?

BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of hypertension?

Essential hypertension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk factor for essential hypertension?

Elevated diet fats and sodium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical manifestation of hypertension?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of untreated hypertension?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension?

Weight reduction and diet regime (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of idiopathic syncope?

30% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can precipitate vasovagal syncope?

Heat (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of vasovagal syncope?

Nausea (D) Signup and view all the answers

What should an individual with vasovagal syncope do as soon as possible?

Assume a recumbent position (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the strength of the pulse when a patient with vasovagal syncope is placed in a horizontal position?

It improves (D) Signup and view all the answers