10 Questions
What is the minimum required efficiency for the destruction and removal of waste in an incineration process?
99.99%
What is the primary purpose of using a large excess of air in an incineration process?
To ensure complete combustion of waste
Which of the following is a disadvantage of incineration compared to other waste treatment methods?
Protest by locals
What is the primary purpose of an electrostatic precipitator or bag house filter in an incineration plant?
To separate fly ash from flue gas
What is the primary advantage of incineration in terms of reducing the environmental impact of waste?
Reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills
What is the primary purpose of modern air pollution control equipment in an incineration plant?
To control emissions of pollutants
What is the primary benefit of co-generation and heat recovery systems in incineration plants?
Generating electricity
What is the primary purpose of pre-treatment and sorting in some incineration plants?
To prepare the waste for combustion
What is the primary benefit of recycling energy from incineration plants?
Reducing dependence on fossil fuels
What is the primary purpose of ash separation in an incineration plant?
To separate bottom ash and fly ash
Study Notes
Malaysia's Waste Treatment Scenario
- Malaysia is the second fastest growing emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.
- The palm oil industry is a major contributor to carbon dioxide and methane emissions.
Waste-to-Energy (WtE) in Malaysia
- Kajang WtE processes 700 t/day and researches low-grade heat to promote algae growth for biofuels.
- Adopting MSW WtE could save Malaysia $10 billion from 2011-2020.
- There are 290 landfills in Malaysia, but only 7 are sanitary, with Bukit Tagar WtE handling 2500 t/day.
Landfills and Methane Gas
- Sanitary landfills produce more methane, making it economical to capture methane gas.
- Captured gas can be used to produce electricity.
Government Initiatives
- The Small Renewable Energy Program promotes Malaysia's "Fifth Fuel Policy".
- The "Fifth Fuel Policy" aims to transition from conventional coal, oil, and gas to biomass, hydroelectricity, solar, and MSW.
Plasma Gasification
- The plasma arch allows only small amounts to be melted, making it unsuitable for large amounts of waste.
- This technology has potential but lacks long-term experience and is currently not well designed.
Incineration
- Waste must be oxidized nearly completely (99.99% destruction and removal capacity).
- Emissions from incinerators include unburned organic wastes, products of incomplete combustion, heavy metals, acid gas, and ash.
- Modern air pollution control equipment can control emissions to very low rates.
- Advantages of incineration include reduction in bulk, recycling, destruction of waste, and low toxic emissions.
- Disadvantages include high costs, local protests, heat generation, and protocols for determining suitable technology.
Incineration Plant
- The incineration plant in Bali, by Pepperl and Fuchs, is an example of a waste treatment facility.
Solid Residue
- The main part of the ash content leaves the furnace as a solid residue (bottom ash or slag).
- The remaining ash leaves the furnace as fly ash, which is separated from the flue gas in the flue gas treatment system.
This quiz reviews the scenario of waste treatment in Malaysia, focusing on the country's carbon dioxide emissions from 1998-2011 and the significant contribution of the palm oil industry. It is based on the reviews of Sovacol and Drupady (2011) and Fazali et al. (2016).
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