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Which of the following findings would make the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder LEAST likely?
Patient presents with a strongly held belief that their grandparent has been possessed by aliens, despite no evidence supporting this and grandparent not exhibiting any changes in their behaviour. This is an example of:
Which of the following characterizes the cortisol imbalance in MDD?
Which of the following side effects results from antagonism of the muscarinic (M) receptors?
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Which of the following is common side effect of SNRI’s due to their effects on the H1 receptors?
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Which symptom/sign is characteristic of bulimia nervosa, NOT anorexia nervosa?
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Which area of the brain is more likely to show abnormal function in obsessive compulsive disorder, NOT in generalized anxiety disorder?
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Which situation would an agoraphobic patient most likely fear?
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Choose the adverse effect that is most likely to be associated with benzodiazepine use (not withdrawal):
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What is the main potential problem with using flumazenil to treat a multidrug overdose of diazepam and bupropion?
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Choose the TRUE statement regarding virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis.
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Choose the TRUE statement regarding the symptoms and pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis:
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Which of the following organisms is NOT a common cause of meningitis?
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Which of the following contributes to the therapeutic mechanism of benzodiazepines?
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Choose the TRUE statement regarding obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD):
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Which of the following are symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome?
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Which of the following would be an example of an intrusion symptom?
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Which of the following descriptions of neurotransmitter activity is most consistent with the neurobiology of major depressive disorder?
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What is the difference between bipolar disorder 1 and bipolar disorder 2?
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In order to meet the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, a patient must have excessive anxiety for more days than not for a period of:
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What best describes how someone can develop benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms while still taking the drug?
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Study Notes
Psychiatric Disorders
- Presence of a strongly held delusional belief (e.g., grandparent possessed by aliens) makes the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) less likely.
Delusions
- A delusion is a strongly held belief that is not based on evidence and is not changed by reasoning or evidence.
Cortisol Imbalance in MDD
- Cortisol imbalance in MDD is characterized by elevated cortisol levels and a flattened diurnal cortisol rhythm.
Anticholinergic Side Effects
- Antagonism of muscarinic (M) receptors can cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.
SNRIs and H1 Receptors
- Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can cause weight gain and increased appetite due to their effects on H1 receptors.
Eating Disorders
- Bingeing and purging are characteristic of bulimia nervosa, but not anorexia nervosa.
Brain Function in OCD
- The orbitofrontal cortex is more likely to show abnormal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but not in generalized anxiety disorder.
Agoraphobia
- An agoraphobic patient would most likely fear being in a place where escape might be difficult or embarrassing.
Benzodiazepines
- Drowsiness is an adverse effect associated with benzodiazepine use.
Flumazenil and Multidrug Overdose
- Flumazenil can precipitate seizures in patients with a multidrug overdose of diazepam and bupropion.
Neisseria Meningitidis
- Neisseria meningitidis produces capsular polysaccharides, which are virulence factors.
Bacterial Meningitis
- Bacterial meningitis is characterized by an intense inflammatory response, which can lead to brain damage and death.
Causes of Meningitis
- Listeria monocytogenes is not a common cause of meningitis.
Benzodiazepine Mechanism
- Benzodiazepines contribute to therapeutic effects by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- OCD is characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Serotonin Syndrome
- Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome include mental status changes, autonomic instability, and neuromuscular abnormalities.
Intrusion Symptoms
- An example of an intrusion symptom is an unwelcome, recurring memory or thought.
Neurobiology of MDD
- The neurobiology of MDD is characterized by decreased activity of serotonin and other neurotransmitters, which can lead to depressive symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder
- The difference between bipolar disorder 1 and bipolar disorder 2 lies in the severity of manic episodes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- To meet the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, a patient must have excessive anxiety for more days than not for a period of at least six months.
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal
- A person can develop benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms while still taking the drug, especially with rapid dose reduction or sudden cessation.
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