Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, how many symptoms must be present during the same 2-week period?
According to the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, how many symptoms must be present during the same 2-week period?
- Six or more symptoms
- Five or more symptoms (correct)
- Three or more symptoms
- Four or more symptoms
Which two symptoms are necessary to meet the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
Which two symptoms are necessary to meet the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
- Significant weight loss or gain and depressed mood
- Markedly diminished interest and pleasure and weight gain
- Depressed mood and diminished interest and pleasure (correct)
- Insomnia or hypersomnia and weight loss
According to the DSM-5, what does the exclusion criterion for diagnosing MDD refer to?
According to the DSM-5, what does the exclusion criterion for diagnosing MDD refer to?
- The exclusion of individuals with a family history of depression
- The exclusion of individuals who have never sought therapy for depression
- The exclusion of individuals whose symptoms are due to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition (correct)
- The exclusion of individuals with a history of substance use
What is the purpose of criterion C in the DSM-V criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
What is the purpose of criterion C in the DSM-V criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
According to the DSM-5, for a diagnosis of MDD, the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in which areas of an individual's life?
According to the DSM-5, for a diagnosis of MDD, the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in which areas of an individual's life?
What is not one of the criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
What is not one of the criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
Which symptom is not part of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
Which symptom is not part of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the bereavement exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of major depression?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the bereavement exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of major depression?
What significant change occurred in the introduction of the DSM-5 regarding the exclusion criterion for Bereavement?
What significant change occurred in the introduction of the DSM-5 regarding the exclusion criterion for Bereavement?
Which two major psychiatric diagnostic systems did not have the grief exclusion criterion present?
Which two major psychiatric diagnostic systems did not have the grief exclusion criterion present?
Under what conditions can someone who is bereaved be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Under what conditions can someone who is bereaved be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
According to the medication responsiveness argument, why should people who have not been diagnosed with MDD on the basis of the bereavement exclusion be considered to have a depressive disorder?
According to the medication responsiveness argument, why should people who have not been diagnosed with MDD on the basis of the bereavement exclusion be considered to have a depressive disorder?
What is the strength of the medication responsiveness argument?
What is the strength of the medication responsiveness argument?
What evidence is there to support the claim that bereaved individuals treated with medication actually benefit?
What evidence is there to support the claim that bereaved individuals treated with medication actually benefit?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the change in the DSM-5 regarding the bereavement exclusion criterion?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the change in the DSM-5 regarding the bereavement exclusion criterion?
What factors should be considered when determining if the presence of a major depressive episode is appropriate in addition to a normal response to a significant loss?
What factors should be considered when determining if the presence of a major depressive episode is appropriate in addition to a normal response to a significant loss?
Which of the following best describes the genetic complexity of Major Depressive Disorder?
Which of the following best describes the genetic complexity of Major Depressive Disorder?
What is the heritability estimate for Major Depressive Disorder based on twin studies?
What is the heritability estimate for Major Depressive Disorder based on twin studies?
What is the relative risk ratio for Major Depressive Disorder in adopted children compared to the population base rate?
What is the relative risk ratio for Major Depressive Disorder in adopted children compared to the population base rate?
Which drug was one of the first antidepressants to be developed in the 1950s?
Which drug was one of the first antidepressants to be developed in the 1950s?
What is the main function of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in the body?
What is the main function of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in the body?
In an early study, how many female patients showed a favorable response to iproniazid treatment after 5 months?
In an early study, how many female patients showed a favorable response to iproniazid treatment after 5 months?
Which neurotransmitter does Imipramine block the recycling of?
Which neurotransmitter does Imipramine block the recycling of?
What was the original purpose of developing Imipramine?
What was the original purpose of developing Imipramine?
What was the result of using Imipramine as a neuroleptic?
What was the result of using Imipramine as a neuroleptic?
Which neurotransmitter does reserpine deplete in the brain?
Which neurotransmitter does reserpine deplete in the brain?
What is the hypothesized cause of reserpine's depressive-like effects?
What is the hypothesized cause of reserpine's depressive-like effects?
What are the effects of reserpine on behavior?
What are the effects of reserpine on behavior?
What is the association between the amount of neurotransmitters and levels of depression according to the hypothesis?
What is the association between the amount of neurotransmitters and levels of depression according to the hypothesis?
What impact is expected on depressive symptoms when manipulating the level of the transmitters of interest?
What impact is expected on depressive symptoms when manipulating the level of the transmitters of interest?
What evidence has been taken for support for biological models of depression?
What evidence has been taken for support for biological models of depression?
What is a possible explanation for the inconsistent findings regarding monoamine levels in depressed individuals?
What is a possible explanation for the inconsistent findings regarding monoamine levels in depressed individuals?
What is the main argument against low monoamine levels being a reliable characteristic of depression?
What is the main argument against low monoamine levels being a reliable characteristic of depression?
Which term refers to the intended action or goal of a specific intervention or treatment?
Which term refers to the intended action or goal of a specific intervention or treatment?
What is the process that is being evoked when reducing the uptake of serotonin in the body?
What is the process that is being evoked when reducing the uptake of serotonin in the body?
Which type of evidence has supported biological models of depression?
Which type of evidence has supported biological models of depression?
What is a conflicting finding in relation to antidepressant medication?
What is a conflicting finding in relation to antidepressant medication?
Which neurotransmitter is more likely to cause a return of depressive symptoms when depleted in individuals in remission from depression via SSRIs?
Which neurotransmitter is more likely to cause a return of depressive symptoms when depleted in individuals in remission from depression via SSRIs?
What is the impact of monoamine depletion on depressive symptoms in healthy subjects without a history of depression?
What is the impact of monoamine depletion on depressive symptoms in healthy subjects without a history of depression?
What do findings from monoamine depletion studies suggest about the role of monoamine neurotransmitters in depression?
What do findings from monoamine depletion studies suggest about the role of monoamine neurotransmitters in depression?
Which type of treatment is commonly used for depression?
Which type of treatment is commonly used for depression?
What did Kirsch et al. find in their meta-analysis of antidepressant studies?
What did Kirsch et al. find in their meta-analysis of antidepressant studies?
According to Kirsch et al., which group of participants showed the greatest evidence of antidepressant efficacy?
According to Kirsch et al., which group of participants showed the greatest evidence of antidepressant efficacy?
What was the overall finding of the meta-analysis regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants compared to placebo?
What was the overall finding of the meta-analysis regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants compared to placebo?
Study Notes
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- To meet the diagnostic criteria for MDD, at least five symptoms must be present during the same 2-week period.
- Two necessary symptoms to meet the diagnostic criteria for MDD are depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
Diagnostic Criteria for MDD
- The exclusion criterion for diagnosing MDD refers to bereavement.
- Criterion C in the DSM-V criteria for MDD ensures that the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of an individual's life.
Bereavement Exclusion Criterion
- In the DSM-5, the bereavement exclusion criterion was removed, allowing individuals who are bereaved to be diagnosed with MDD.
- The bereavement exclusion criterion was not present in the ICD-10 and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC).
- A person who is bereaved can be diagnosed with MDD if they experience symptoms that persist beyond two months or if their symptoms are severe.
Genetic Complexity of MDD
- The heritability estimate for MDD based on twin studies is around 37%.
- The relative risk ratio for MDD in adopted children compared to the population base rate is 2.5.
History of Antidepressants
- Iproniazid was one of the first antidepressants to be developed in the 1950s.
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) function by blocking the breakdown of neurotransmitters in the body.
- Imipramine blocks the recycling of norepinephrine, and it was originally developed as a neuroleptic.
- Reserpine depletes serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain, leading to depressive-like effects.
Biological Models of Depression
- The Monoamine Hypothesis states that a decrease in neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) contributes to depression.
- Manipulating the level of neurotransmitters of interest is expected to impact depressive symptoms.
- Monoamine depletion studies suggest that monoamine neurotransmitters play a role in depression.
Treatment and Interventions
- The term "mechanism" refers to the intended action or goal of a specific intervention or treatment.
- Reducing the uptake of serotonin in the body is an example of a reuptake inhibition process.
- Biological models of depression are supported by evidence from monoamine depletion studies and antidepressant treatment.
- Antidepressant medication is commonly used to treat depression, but findings from monoamine depletion studies suggest that depleting serotonin, in particular, can cause a return of depressive symptoms in individuals in remission from depression.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder with this quiz. Determine how many symptoms must be present during a 2-week period and identify the two necessary symptoms for the diagnosis. Choose the correct answers from the options provided.
