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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
What is a common characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
Which theory emphasizes the role of negative thinking and cognitive biases in depression?
Which theory emphasizes the role of negative thinking and cognitive biases in depression?
What percentage of children with depression typically seek help?
What percentage of children with depression typically seek help?
What is the most common age of onset for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
What is the most common age of onset for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
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Which of the following treatments has shown the most success for children with depression?
Which of the following treatments has shown the most success for children with depression?
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What is the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children ages 4-18?
What is the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children ages 4-18?
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Which of the following disorders is least likely to coexist with MDD?
Which of the following disorders is least likely to coexist with MDD?
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How much more likely are females to experience depression compared to males after puberty?
How much more likely are females to experience depression compared to males after puberty?
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What is the average duration of a major depressive episode?
What is the average duration of a major depressive episode?
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What is the characteristic duration of symptoms for Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
What is the characteristic duration of symptoms for Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
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What is a key symptom required for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
What is a key symptom required for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder?
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Which symptom is NOT part of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
Which symptom is NOT part of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder?
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Why might depression be easily overlooked in children and adolescents?
Why might depression be easily overlooked in children and adolescents?
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What must symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder cause to meet diagnostic criteria?
What must symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder cause to meet diagnostic criteria?
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In which circumstance should a major depressive episode be carefully considered?
In which circumstance should a major depressive episode be carefully considered?
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What is a classic symptom of mania in children?
What is a classic symptom of mania in children?
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What is the prevalence range of bipolar disorder in youths aged 7-21?
What is the prevalence range of bipolar disorder in youths aged 7-21?
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Which of the following is commonly co-occurring with bipolar disorder in younger individuals?
Which of the following is commonly co-occurring with bipolar disorder in younger individuals?
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What is extremely rare regarding the onset of bipolar disorder in children?
What is extremely rare regarding the onset of bipolar disorder in children?
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Which of the following factors can contribute to bipolar disorder in children and adolescents?
Which of the following factors can contribute to bipolar disorder in children and adolescents?
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Which therapy specifically focuses on family and interpersonal interactions to explore the causes of depression?
Which therapy specifically focuses on family and interpersonal interactions to explore the causes of depression?
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What class of medication is commonly used to treat mood disturbances in depression?
What class of medication is commonly used to treat mood disturbances in depression?
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What are the three subtypes of bipolar disorder?
What are the three subtypes of bipolar disorder?
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What is a recognized outcome of effective preventative measures like cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy?
What is a recognized outcome of effective preventative measures like cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy?
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Which of the following symptoms is typically NOT associated with bipolar disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is typically NOT associated with bipolar disorder?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD) in children compared to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD) in children compared to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with depression in children?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with depression in children?
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How does depression commonly impact the social functioning of children?
How does depression commonly impact the social functioning of children?
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Which of the following disorders is the most commonly co-occurring condition with Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
Which of the following disorders is the most commonly co-occurring condition with Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?
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What developmental change in expression of depression is often observed as children approach adolescence?
What developmental change in expression of depression is often observed as children approach adolescence?
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Which cognitive distortion is commonly associated with children suffering from depression?
Which cognitive distortion is commonly associated with children suffering from depression?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to the development of depression in children?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to the development of depression in children?
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What is a significant factor that complicates the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children?
What is a significant factor that complicates the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children?
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Which of the following symptoms might be present in children suffering from MDD?
Which of the following symptoms might be present in children suffering from MDD?
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How might adolescence impact the expression of depression in children?
How might adolescence impact the expression of depression in children?
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What co-occurring disorder is commonly associated with children diagnosed with MDD?
What co-occurring disorder is commonly associated with children diagnosed with MDD?
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What percentage of young people with MDD is likely to also have one or more additional disorders?
What percentage of young people with MDD is likely to also have one or more additional disorders?
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What is the typical pattern of onset for MDD symptoms in children?
What is the typical pattern of onset for MDD symptoms in children?
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What long-term risk is associated with children recovering from MDD?
What long-term risk is associated with children recovering from MDD?
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Which statement correctly describes a characteristic symptom of mania in children?
Which statement correctly describes a characteristic symptom of mania in children?
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What is a significant characteristic of co-occurring disorders in children with bipolar disorder?
What is a significant characteristic of co-occurring disorders in children with bipolar disorder?
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How does the onset of bipolar disorder in children before age 10 generally affect its prognosis?
How does the onset of bipolar disorder in children before age 10 generally affect its prognosis?
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Which symptom is atypical for children experiencing mania?
Which symptom is atypical for children experiencing mania?
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Which environmental factor may contribute to the development of bipolar disorder in children?
Which environmental factor may contribute to the development of bipolar disorder in children?
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What role do brain-imaging studies suggest in mood fluctuations of children with bipolar disorder?
What role do brain-imaging studies suggest in mood fluctuations of children with bipolar disorder?
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Which treatment approach is commonly used for managing bipolar disorder symptoms in children?
Which treatment approach is commonly used for managing bipolar disorder symptoms in children?
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Which symptom is essential for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder in children?
Which symptom is essential for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder in children?
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How does depression commonly affect the social functioning of children?
How does depression commonly affect the social functioning of children?
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Which of the following disorders frequently co-occurs with depression in children?
Which of the following disorders frequently co-occurs with depression in children?
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What developmental change is observed in the expression of depression from infancy to preteens?
What developmental change is observed in the expression of depression from infancy to preteens?
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Which is NOT a common symptom of depression exhibited by children?
Which is NOT a common symptom of depression exhibited by children?
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What is a significant impact of depression on children's overall functioning?
What is a significant impact of depression on children's overall functioning?
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Which symptom changes in expression as children grow, particularly noted in preteens?
Which symptom changes in expression as children grow, particularly noted in preteens?
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What characterizes the onset of depression symptoms in infants compared to older children?
What characterizes the onset of depression symptoms in infants compared to older children?
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What impact does depression have on a child's day-to-day activities?
What impact does depression have on a child's day-to-day activities?
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Study Notes
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Diagnostic criteria require five or more symptoms over a 2-week period, including depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.
- Symptoms include significant weight changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, impaired concentration, and thoughts of death or suicide.
- Symptoms must result in clinically significant distress or impairment in various life areas.
- Excludes episodes attributable to substance effects or other medical conditions.
- Prevalence in children aged 4-18 ranges from 2% to 8%, increasing during adolescence due to biological and developmental changes.
- MDD often coexists with other disorders, particularly anxiety, phobias, and ADHD.
- Average episode duration lasts about eight months, with a significant portion of children recovering but some developing bipolar disorder later.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)
- Known as Dysthymia, characterized by a depressed mood persisting for at least one year.
- Includes chronic symptoms such as poor emotion regulation, sadness, low self-esteem, and irritability.
- Lower prevalence rates than MDD, affecting approximately 1% of children and 5% of adolescents.
- Often co-occurs with MDD, with a high risk (70%) of developing major depression.
- Typical onset occurs around ages 11-12, with prolonged duration of episodes.
Impact on Functioning
- Depressive symptoms hinder intellectual and academic performance, resulting in difficulties with attention and coordination.
- Common cognitive distortions include negative thinking, hopelessness, and a pessimistic outlook.
- Socially, children with depression may experience withdrawal and conflictual family relationships.
Depression and Suicide Risk
- A significant proportion of depressed youth have thoughts of suicide, particularly females during peak ages of 13 and 14 for attempts.
- The psychodynamic view attributes depression to loss and inadequate superego development, resulting in anger redirected inward.
Theories and Causes of Depression
- Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on loss of love and inadequate conscience development.
- Behavioral Theories: Emphasize environmental learning and lack of positive reinforcement.
- Cognitive Theories: Include hopelessness theory and Beck's model, illustrating how negative thinking influences mood.
- Multiple Pathways: Depression arises from genetic vulnerabilities, neurobiological factors, early temperament, and negative family experiences.
Influences on Childhood Depression
- Family history of depression increases risk by 30-45%.
- Environmental stressors trigger depression, exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities.
- Neurobiological influences include brain abnormalities in emotional regulation and neurotransmitter imbalances.
- Only a fraction of depressed children receive adequate treatment, with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) proving most effective.
Psychosocial Interventions and Treatments
- Effective interventions include CBT, behavior therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-A).
- SSRIs are the most common medication, though they carry potential side effects.
- Preventative measures focus on early interventions and therapies to minimize risk.
Bipolar Disorder in Youth
- Characterized by mood episodes ranging from elevated states to major depression, potentially with aggression and psychotic symptoms.
- Prevalence among youth ages 7-21 is estimated at 0.5 to 2.5%.
- Early onset before age 10 is rare and often indicates a chronic and severe progression.
- Treatment involves symptom monitoring, family education, medication management, and psychotherapeutic support.
Chronic Depressive Disorders
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD) is more chronic than Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
- P-DD features include poor emotional regulation, persistent sadness, self-deprecation, low self-esteem, anxiety, irritability, and anger.
- Children with both MDD and P-DD experience higher impairment than those with a single disorder.
- Prevalence rates for P-DD are approximately 1% in children and 5% in adolescents, lower than MDD.
- MDD is the most common comorbid disorder, with 70% of children with depressive disorders experiencing a major depression episode.
- Half of the children with P-DD have prior nonaffective disorders.
- Typical onset age for P-DD is between 11 and 12 years, often lasting 2-5 years.
- Children with P-DD are at increased risk for developing MDD and anxiety disorders.
Associated Characteristics of Depressive Disorders
- Intellectual functioning may decline due to difficulties concentrating, interest loss, and slowed thought/movement.
- Cognitive biases lead to negative thinking, hopelessness, and a pessimistic outlook, increasing the risk of suicidal ideation.
- Social challenges include fewer close friendships, social withdrawal, and conflicts in family relationships.
- Young individuals with depression often contemplate suicide, especially young females aged 13-14.
Theories of Depression
- Psychodynamic Theory: Implies depression stems from loss, resulting in anger toward a loved object manifesting as depressive affect.
- Behavioral Theories: Highlights learning and environmental consequences, emphasizing the lack of positive reinforcement as a factor in depression.
- Cognitive Theories: Focuses on the relationship between negative cognitions and mood, including hopelessness theory and Beck's cognitive model where negative interpretations affect perceptions of life events.
- Other theoretical frameworks include self-control theories, interpersonal models, and socioenvironmental models.
Causes and Influences on Childhood Depression
- Genetic predisposition significantly increases the risk of developing depression if parents are affected.
- Neurobiological factors involve dysfunction in brain regions for emotional regulation and dysregulation of the HPA axis.
- Family dynamics characterized by critical behaviors can intensify depression in children.
- Stressful life events and prolonged emotional distress contribute to challenges in managing emotional states.
- Access to depression treatment differs across racial/ethnic groups; cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Adolescents (IPT-A) are effective treatment options.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Clinical judgment is essential for diagnosing MDD, differentiating it from other psychotic disorders.
- MDD prevalence among children (ages 4-18) varies from 2% to 8%, increasing two to threefold during adolescence.
- Co-occurrence with other disorders is common, with 90% of youth with MDD having additional diagnoses such as anxiety or conduct disorders.
- The average duration of a major depressive episode is around eight months, with one-third developing bipolar disorder post-episode.
- After puberty, females show a higher incidence of depression compared to males.
Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents
- Symptoms in children include mood instability, psychomotor agitation, and classic manic signs like pressured speech.
- Bipolar disorder prevalence for ages 7-21 ranges from 0.5 to 2.5%.
- Early onset prior to age 10 is rare and generally has a poor prognosis.
- Treatment involves monitoring symptoms, education for patients and families, medications like lithium, and psychotherapeutic interventions.
Overview of Mood Disorders
- Mood disorders encompass a spectrum from severe depression to extreme mania, divided into two categories: depressive and bipolar disorders.
- Depressive disorders are primarily marked by dysphoria and anhedonia, while bipolar disorder features significant mood swings.
- Childhood depression can disrupt daily activities, social interactions, and academic performance.
- Many young people experience depressive symptoms, often co-occurring with anxiety or conduct disorders, frequently remaining undiagnosed.
- The nature of depressive symptoms evolves with age, transforming from less specific signs in infancy to identifiable issues like self-blame and low self-esteem in preteens.
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Description
This quiz delves into the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder as it relates to school-age children and adolescents. It highlights common symptoms and discusses how depression manifests differently in younger individuals compared to adults. Test your understanding of this significant mental health issue.
