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Questions and Answers
Which operation is not considered a 'must-perform' operation by processors?
Which operation is not considered a 'must-perform' operation by processors?
In register transfer notation, how would you represent transferring the value from location LOC to register R1?
In register transfer notation, how would you represent transferring the value from location LOC to register R1?
Which format is described as having operands and results always managed in a stack?
Which format is described as having operands and results always managed in a stack?
In a two-address instruction format, what does the instruction 'ADD R1, R2' imply?
In a two-address instruction format, what does the instruction 'ADD R1, R2' imply?
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Which of the following is true about zero-address instructions?
Which of the following is true about zero-address instructions?
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What does RISC architecture primarily focus on?
What does RISC architecture primarily focus on?
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In the one-address instruction format, what does the instruction 'LOAD A' do?
In the one-address instruction format, what does the instruction 'LOAD A' do?
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How would the operation 'X = (A+B) * (C+D)' be expressed in three-address instruction format?
How would the operation 'X = (A+B) * (C+D)' be expressed in three-address instruction format?
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What is a key benefit of the general register architecture over the single accumulator architecture?
What is a key benefit of the general register architecture over the single accumulator architecture?
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Which statement is true regarding three-address instruction formats?
Which statement is true regarding three-address instruction formats?
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In which instruction format are operands specified directly in the instruction rather than requiring additional memory accesses?
In which instruction format are operands specified directly in the instruction rather than requiring additional memory accesses?
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How does Register Transfer Notation (RTN) represent the operation of adding contents from two registers into a third register?
How does Register Transfer Notation (RTN) represent the operation of adding contents from two registers into a third register?
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What is the primary characteristic of RISC instruction formats?
What is the primary characteristic of RISC instruction formats?
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In a one-address instruction format, what role does the accumulator generally play?
In a one-address instruction format, what role does the accumulator generally play?
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What is a distinguishing feature of two-address instruction formats compared to one-address formats?
What is a distinguishing feature of two-address instruction formats compared to one-address formats?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of a stack in CPU organization?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of a stack in CPU organization?
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Study Notes
Machine Instructions and Programs
- "Must-perform" operations include data transfers between memory and processor registers, arithmetic/logic operations on data, program sequencing/control, and I/O transfers.
- Register Transfer Notation (RTN) identifies locations using symbolic names (e.g., LOC, RO) representing hardware addresses. Location contents are shown in square brackets (e.g., R1←[LOC]).
- Assembly language notation represents machine instructions and programs (e.g., Move LOC, R1 = R1←[LOC]).
- CPU Organization: Single Accumulator – results often go to accumulator, but saving to memory is frequent. General Register – operands held in registers, reducing memory traffic, register bookkeeping is required. Stack – operands and results are consistently in stack.
Instruction Formats
- Three-address instructions involve three operands (e.g., ADD R1, R2, R3). Example: Evaluate X = (A+B) * (C+D), using instructions ADD A, B, R1, ADD C, D, R2, and MUL R1, R2, X
- Two-address instructions utilize two operands (e.g., ADD R1, R2). Example: using instructions MOV A, R1, ADD B, R1, and so on.
- One-address instructions use one operand (e.g., ADD M). Example: LOAD A, ADD B, STORE T, etc.
- Zero-address instructions do not specify operands (e.g., ADD). Example: using PUSH, PUSH, ADD, PUSH, PUSH, ADD, MUL etc.
- RISC instructions focus on registers, limiting memory access to load and store operations (e.g., LOAD A, R1). Example: using instructions LOAD A, R1, LOAD B, R2, and so on.
- Instruction formats typically have an opcode and operands or addresses.
Using Registers
- Registers are faster than memory.
- Instructions using registers are shorter, requiring fewer bits.
- Minimizing data movement between memory and registers enhances speed.
Typical Register Declaration
- Example:
register int i = 10; - A register declaration is not global scope.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of machine instructions and programs, including data transfers, arithmetic operations, and instruction formats. It also explores Register Transfer Notation (RTN) and CPU organization methods such as single accumulator and stack implementation. Test your understanding of these concepts and their practical applications.
