65 Questions
What is the main difference between serum and plasma?
Plasma contains clotting factors, while serum does not
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Converting glucose into glycogen
Which cellular component of blood is responsible for oxygen transport?
Erythrocytes
Which stain produces different colors on different cellular components?
Hematoxylin stain
How do white blood cells (WBCs) exit the bloodstream to enter tissues?
By diapedesis
Which formed element of blood has distinguishing characteristics at the electron microscopic (EM) level?
Platelets
Which type of infection is associated with an increase in eosinophil count?
Parasitic
What is the main function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of bacteria
What triggers the apoptosis of granulocytes in the connective tissue after a few days?
Withdrawal of growth factors
Which white blood cells are the most numerous, constituting 60% to 70% of the total leukocyte population?
Neutrophils
What is the shape of the nucleus of eosinophils?
Bilobed
Which protein in eosinophil specific granules contributes to its toxicity and causes eosinophilia?
Major basic protein
What is the main function of eosinophils in the body?
Killing parasites
What is the lifespan of neutrophils in the blood?
A few hours
What is the term for the passage of white blood cells through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue?
Diapedesis
What triggers the apoptosis of granulocytes in the connective tissue after a few days?
Withdrawal of growth factors
Which type of infection is associated with an increase in eosinophil count?
Parasitic
What is the main function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Which component of blood is responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Red blood cells
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the percentage by volume of packed red blood cells in a given sample of blood after centrifugation called?
Hematocrit
Which component of blood makes up about 99% of all blood cells?
Red blood cells
Which plasma protein is responsible for exerting the concentration gradient between the blood and extracellular fluid?
Albumins
What do leukocytes primarily contribute to in the body?
Immune response
What is the function of platelets in the blood?
Formation of blood clots
What is the specialized connective tissue considered to be composed of plasma, blood cells, and platelets?
Blood
What is the percentage range of packed red blood cells in males after centrifugation?
40-50%
What regulates the production of red blood cells to match oxygen demand?
Erythropoietin
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
Immune response
What is the primary function of platelets?
To prevent excessive bleeding by helping to form blood clots
Where are platelets derived from?
Bone marrow
What initiates the activation of platelets?
Collagen of basal lamina and connective tissue underlying endothelial cells
Which substance is contained in platelet granules and promotes adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells?
Von Willebrand factor
What is the second function of platelets besides blood clotting?
Wound repair through secretion of growth factors
What are platelets primarily involved with during blood clot formation?
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
How do aggregated platelets contribute to vessel repair?
By promoting invasion of fibroblasts and repair of blood vessel endothelium
What is the life span of platelets?
10 days
Which factor stimulates blood coagulation and other factors and is contained in platelet granules?
Platelet Factor IV
What is the size range of platelets?
2-4 um in diameter
What is the primary function of platelet demarcation channel membranes?
Invaginations of the plasma membrane involved in platelet formation
What substance is primarily secreted by aggregated platelets to promote invasion of fibroblasts from surrounding connective tissue into the wounded area?
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Which leukocyte is most closely associated with controlling mechanisms linked to allergy and asthma?
Basophils
What is the primary function of basophils?
Releasing mediators in allergic responses
Which leukocyte is responsible for extruding the contents of their granules into the extracellular space when attacking multicellular parasites?
Eosinophils
What is the rarest leukocyte, constituting less than 1% of the total leukocyte population?
Basophils
Which leukocyte is primarily responsible for releasing the major basic protein into tissue, causing damage to both parasites and surrounding normal tissue?
Eosinophils
Which leukocyte is primarily associated with increased numbers in lung tissue during bronchial asthma?
Eosinophils
'Anaphylactic response to insect stings' is most closely associated with the release of mediators by which cell type?
Basophils
'Selective trafficking of eosinophils into allergic tissue' is a function most closely associated with which cell type?
Eosinophils
'Avid phagocytes, they phagocytose and destroy dead and defunct cells as well as antigens and foreign particulate matter' is a primary function of which cell type?
Monocytes
Which leukocyte primarily constitutes 20% to 25% of the total circulating leukocyte population?
Lymphocytes
Which cell type primarily recirculates between blood, tissues, and lymph as part of the immune system that monitors the tissues?
Lymphocytes
Which leukocyte primarily contains specific granules with heparin and histamine content similar to mast cells?
Basophils
Which structure gives RBCs their red color?
Hemoglobin
What is the main method by which mature RBCs produce ATP?
Glycolysis
What happens to developing erythrocytes during erythropoiesis?
They lose nucleus and organelles
What is the main reason for the biconcave shape of RBCs?
To maximize their surface area/volume ratio
Which proteins maintain the shape of the erythrocyte?
Spectrin and actin
Defective spectrin or ankyrin is associated with which condition?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Which disorder can produce hemolysis and anemia?
Malaria
"Ring forms" of Plasmodium vivax in red blood cells are associated with which disorder?
Malaria
"Hemolytic disease of the newborn" is caused by:
"Incompatible blood transfusions"
What is the total number of WBCs in peripheral blood under normal conditions?
6500 – 10,000/ul
How do WBCs primarily function in the body?
Functioning in tissues rather than in blood
What is the main method of WBC classification?
Based on the presence or absence of granules in cytoplasm
Study Notes
- Dr. Herman Reid is a professor in the Department of Medical Foundations, specializing in blood histology.
- The goals for the session include covering the basics of blood histology, discussing its relationship to wellness, and examining how disturbances in normal blood can lead to disease.
- Blood is a specialized connective tissue that circulates through the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and waste materials away. It consists of plasma, blood cells, and platelets.
- Blood functions include transporting gases, maintaining pH and electrolyte concentrations, regulating body temperature, and serving as a pathway for white blood cells.
- Formed elements of blood are suspended in plasma and include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Plasma and serum differ, with plasma containing all proteins and serum being the liquid remaining after blood clots.
- Blood consists of three main components: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
- RBCs, or erythrocytes, are responsible for oxygen transport and have a biconcave shape to maximize surface area for gas exchange. They lose their nucleus and organelles during formation and have a limited lifespan of 120 days.
- WBCs, or leukocytes, are responsible for immune functions and have distinguishing characteristics under the microscope, such as specific granules and nuclear shapes.
- Platelets, or thrombocytes, play a role in blood clotting and are small, irregularly shaped discs.
- Blood smears are commonly stained with Wright stain, which differentiates cellular structures based on their acidity or basophilia.
- Absent formed elements in a normal blood smear include platelets and eosinophils, while the most numerous WBCs are neutrophils.
- Hemoglobin, a primary component of RBCs, is responsible for oxygen transport and gives RBCs their red color.
- Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver, regulates RBC production to meet oxygen demand.
- Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition where RBCs do not form their normal biconcave shape due to defects in the spectrin or ankyrin that binds spectrin to the plasma membrane, resulting in abnormally fragile and poorly oxygen-transporting RBCs.
Test your knowledge about the lifespan of different types of leukocytes such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and their functions in the body's immune response.
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