Leukocyte Disorders and Classifications
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about CML is true?

  • CML is often associated with normal platelet morphology. (correct)
  • CML presents as a reactive condition seen in infections.
  • CML involves only neutrophils.
  • CML is characterized by a decreased LAP score. (correct)

    • What is a key characteristic of leukoerythroblastic reaction?

  • Presence of teardrop RBCs. (correct)
  • Presence of spherocytes.
  • Presence of normal erythrocytes.
  • Presence of mature neutrophils only.

    • Which situation is most likely to cause neutrophilia?

  • Hypersplenism.
  • Aplastic anemia.
  • Bacterial infection. (correct)
  • Severe infections.

    • In which condition would you expect a left shift in neutrophil counts?

    <p>Chronic myelogenous leukemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism contributes to neutropenia?

    <p>Decreased survival due to autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of neutrophilia related to physical/emotional stress?

    <p>Cold exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reactive leukemoid reaction typically involves which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Increased LAP score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically results from an increase in the outflow from the bone marrow?

    <p>Neutrophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with eosinopenia?

    <p>Decreased production due to stem cell disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is NOT associated with basophilia?

    <p>Chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytosis can occur in response to which of the following conditions?

    <p>Bacterial infections like tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by lymphocytopenia?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of monocytopenia?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for eosinopenia?

    <p>Administration of glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is linked to lymphocytosis with reactive morphology?

    <p>Infectious mononucleosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basopenia can be a result of which of the following?

    <p>Excessive glucocorticoid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of lymphocytosis with nonreactive morphology?

    <p>Acute infectious lymphocytosis is benign and self-limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with lymphocytopenia due to inherited causes?

    <p>Ataxia-telangiectasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential environmental factor involved in the etiology of leukemia?

    <p>Bone marrow damage from chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons for the increased incidence of leukemia in individuals with Down syndrome?

    <p>Immune dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs and symptoms is associated with anemia due to leukemia?

    <p>Tachycardia and pallor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes 'aleukemic leukemia'?

    <p>Uncontrolled malignant proliferation of WBC present only in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the relationship between leukemic cells and infections?

    <p>Leukemic cells outgrow normal WBC in the BM, leading to immunocompromise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the 'lymphocyte leukemoid reaction'?

    <p>Resembles chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Hodgkin’s Lymphoma regarding its cellular composition?

    <p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common finding in patients with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

    <p>Enlarged, painless cervical lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is used to define the location and extent of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

    <p>Ann Arbor classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key laboratory finding that distinguishes Hodgkin's Lymphoma from other lymphomas?

    <p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group shows a bimodal predominance in Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases?

    <p>15-30 years and over 50 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system for hematopoietic malignancies is now the standard for diagnosis?

    <p>World Health Organization Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is associated with Mycosis Fungoides?

    <p>Ulcerative skin tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of reactive leukocytosis?

    <p>Absolute count of granulocytes &gt;8,000/uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of Ann Arbor classification would a patient with lymphoma involving multiple lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm fall?

    <p>Stage III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about bone marrow findings in reactive granulocytosis is correct?

    <p>Exhibits a hypercellular pattern with a doubled M:E ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies acute granulocytosis caused by physiologic stimuli?

    <p>Transient increase without shift in marrow cellularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a potential etiology of reactive leukocytosis?

    <p>Chronic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a WBC count of 20,000 to 50,000/uL?

    <p>Consistent with a leukemoid reaction versus chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the French-American-British (FAB) Classification?

    <p>Divides acute leukemia into Lymphoblastic and Myeloblastic types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a left shift in granulocyte series in the context of leukocytosis?

    <p>Presence of nonsegmented PMN and acute symptoms that suggest Pelger-Huet anomaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Sézary syndrome in terms of skin involvement?

    <p>Erythroderma with widespread skin involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is typically associated with Burkitt's lymphoma?

    <p>Translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary classification type for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

    <p>Rappaport classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical symptom of multiple myeloma?

    <p>Main bone pain and fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Hodgkin's lymphoma is true?

    <p>It has a bi-modal incidence pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'starry sky' appearance in Burkitt's lymphoma biopsies is primarily due to?

    <p>Macrophages clearing dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

    <p>Hodgkin lymphoma spreads through predictable patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes monoclonal gammopathy?

    <p>Increase of one specific type of immunoglobulin from a neoplastic clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leukocyte Disorders

    • Leukocyte disorders are broadly classified as nonmalignant and malignant.
    • Nonmalignant disorders do not involve uncontrolled cell growth and do not cause death directly.
    • Nonmalignant disorders can affect the number, morphology, or function of white blood cells (WBCs).
    • Malignant disorders involve neoplastic changes in hematopoietic precursor cells.
    • Malignant disorders are categorized by cell lineage as malignant myeloproliferative disorders and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders.

    Key Concepts in Leukocyte Disorders

    • Non-malignant Leukocyte Disorders
      • Qualitative disorders:
        • Morphologic alterations (e.g., Pelger-Huët anomaly, neutrophil hypersegmentation)
        • Inherited functional disorders of WBCs
        • Monocyte/Macrophage lysosomal storage diseases
      • Quantitative alterations: alterations in the number of WBCs (e.g., leukocytosis, leukopenia)
    • Malignant Leukocyte Disorders
      • Malignant Myeloproliferative Disorders:
        • Involve proliferation of myeloid cells
        • Includes myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)/chronic myeloproliferative disorders
      • Malignant Lymphoproliferative Disorders:
        • Involve proliferation of lymphoid cells
        • Includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLLD), lymphoma, and plasma cell dyscrasia

    Morphologic Alterations in White Blood Cells

    • Inherited Abnormalities of Granulocyte Morphology

      • Nuclear abnormalities (e.g., Pelger-Huët anomaly, neutrophil hypersegmentation)
      • Cytoplasmic abnormalities (e.g., May-Hegglin anomaly, Alder-Reilly anomaly)

    • Pelger-Huët Anomaly (PHA):

      • Failure of neutrophils to segment (hyposegmentation)
      • Inherited (autosomal dominant)
      • May present as heterozygous (2 round lobules) or homozygous (rare; round/oval nucleus forms)
      • Pseudo Pelger-Huët form:
        • Decreased nuclear segmentation in neutrophils
        • Acquired
        • Seen in MDS, AML, CMPDs, patients receiving chemotherapy, severe infections and cancer metastasis
        • Potentially reversible

    • Other abnormalities such as Alder-Reilly, toxic granulations, Chediak-Higashi, and May-Hegglin anomalies are also mentioned.

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    Module 7 Leukocyte Disorders PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the classifications of leukocyte disorders, including nonmalignant and malignant types. Learn about qualitative and quantitative changes in white blood cells, as well as the specific alterations involved in these disorders. Understand the implications of both nonmalignant and malignant conditions on hematopoiesis.

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