Questions and Answers
What is the projected population of individuals aged 65 and older in the UK by 2050?
Which group is defined as the 'young old' according to gerontological classification?
What percentage of the NHS budget is utilized for individuals aged 65 and older?
Which of the following is a common myth regarding older adults?
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Which age group is experiencing the fastest growth in the elderly population?
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What risk factor is most commonly cited as contributing to falls among older adults?
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What characteristic distinguishes the current population of individuals aged 65 and older from previous generations?
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What proportion of older people report a fear of falling?
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What is a primary reason a child forms an attachment with their caregiver?
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At what age does a child typically start showing separation anxiety?
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According to Bowlby's theory of attachment, what is the main function of attachment?
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What aspect of the 'Strange Situation' primarily interests researchers?
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What does secure attachment allow a child to learn about themselves?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with secure attachment according to van Londen et al. (2007)?
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What critical age range is identified for the development of attachment?
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How does secure attachment impact physical health outcomes?
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At what age do children typically start to experience the 'naming explosion'?
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Which of the following cognitive developmental stages does Jean Piaget associate with children aged 6-11 years?
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Which concept describes the process of modifying an existing schema due to new information?
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What is the approximate vocabulary size of a child at age 6?
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Which of the following best describes 'Equilibration' in cognitive development?
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What is secondary aging primarily associated with?
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During which cognitive developmental stage do children develop object permanence?
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In what age range does a child typically develop the concept of object permanence?
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At what age do children typically know around 22 words?
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Which consultation factor is least likely to affect interactions with older adults?
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Which of the following statements best defines the term 'schema'?
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Which concept best explains the idea that a child must learn a formal language before the age of 6 to speak well?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary aging?
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Which option best describes one aspect of successful aging according to the model of selective optimization with compensation?
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What type of attachment is demonstrated by a two-year-old who explores independently but is aware of the mother’s presence?
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At what developmental stage do children start to exhibit normative age graded changes?
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What would be an example of secondary aging?
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Which attachment style is characterized by a child who appears indifferent to the caregiver's presence during exploration?
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Which factor is typically NOT considered during healthcare consultations with older adults?
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Which of these types of attachment styles is least applicable to older adults when considering social relationships?
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What is the most critical age range for acquiring phonetic skills in language according to developmental theories?
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Identifying which factors during consultations with older adults fosters better outcomes; which is essential?
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What is a characteristic of resistant attachment in early childhood?
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During which stage is a child most likely to struggle with complex language structures without prior exposure?
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Study Notes
Language Development
- First words typically emerge between 9-13 months.
- Children between 12-18 months learn about three new words monthly.
- At 18 months, infants possess a vocabulary of approximately 22 words.
- "Naming explosion" occurs around 18 months with 10-20 words learned weekly.
- By age 6, children have a vocabulary of roughly 10,000 words, acquiring five new words daily.
Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)
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Children progress through four key developmental stages:
- Sensorimotor: 0 – 2 years
- Preoperational: 2 - 6/7 years
- Concrete Operations: 6/7 – 11/12 years
- Formal Operations: 11/12 years and beyond
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Key concepts include:
- Schema: Internal cognitive structure to aid understanding.
- Assimilation: Using existing schemas to interpret new experiences.
- Accommodation: Modifying schemas based on new information.
- Equilibration: Balancing assimilation and accommodation for consistent schemas.
Sensorimotor Stage (0 – 2 years)
- Characterized by reflexes and sensory-motor interactions.
- Children develop object permanence (understanding that objects still exist when out of sight).
Preoperational Stage (2-6/7 years)
- Internal representation of objects and events emerges.
- About 8 months: Separation anxiety and fear of strangers develop.
- At 10 months: Social referencing begins, showing attachment to primary caregivers.
Social Development – Attachment
- Essential for survival alongside basic needs like food and water.
- John Bowlby emphasized attachment's role in survival through proximity to caregivers during distress.
- Emotional availability, sensitivity, and responsiveness from caregivers promote healthy attachment.
Secure Attachment
- A secure base for exploration leads to:
- Learning self-worth and trust in others during times of need.
- Associated with better peer relations, self-reliance, cognitive function, and physical health outcomes.
Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth)
- An observational study involving 8 episodes of increasing stress with children aged 12-18 months to evaluate attachment styles.
- Focus on reactions during reunions with mothers helps identify attachment behaviors.
Aging Population Statistics
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10 million people (14%) in the UK are over 65, with a projection of 19 million by 2050.
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Subgroups in gerontology:
- Young old: ages 60 – 75
- Old old: ages 75 – 85
- Oldest old: 85+
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Increased frailty among the oldest segments, double the population aged 90+ expected by 2025.
Healthcare Needs of Older Adults
- The NHS allocates 40% of its budget to those over 65, emphasizing their varying functional abilities and support needs.
Myths and Realities of Aging
- Older adults are often stereotyped as being limited in social, physical, and functional capabilities, which misrepresents most.
- Statistically, around 50% of adults over 80 fall each year, with a relatively low incidence of injury.
Quick Quizzes
- Familiar concepts of attachment styles, aging phases, and factors influencing the care of older individuals highlight essential knowledge for understanding development and health throughout the lifespan.
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Description
This quiz explores the stages of language development in children aged 9 to 13 months and beyond. It covers milestones such as first words, vocabulary growth, and the naming explosion phenomenon. Understanding these stages can help caregivers and educators support children's language acquisition effectively.
