76 Questions
What is one of the key aspects infants must learn to acquire a new language?
Phonology
At what age do infants, on average, acquire approximately 9 new words a day?
18 months
Which term refers to infants' understanding of how communication works and the nonverbal cues parents use to aid communication?
Pragmatics
How do infants transition from universal perceivers to language-learning sophisticates?
By becoming specialists in their native tongue
What kind of vocalizations do infants typically make during the first few months of life?
Intentional vocalizations like cooing and raspberries
How do caregivers typically respond when infants make eye contact with speakers at around 2 months of age?
By communicating more with the infant
What is the term for the process where infants learn language based on the regularities they pick up in speech spontaneously?
Statistical learning
At what age do infants start showing an understanding of referential gestures like pointing?
9 months
What is the perceptual assimilation model (PAM) used to explain in infants' language development?
Sensitivity to non-native contrasts depending on perceptual categories
What does the term 'transitional probabilities of syllables' refer to in language acquisition?
The probability of a syllable following another syllable
At what age do infants typically lose the ability to discriminate sounds that are not relevant to their native language?
10-12 months
What is the term for infants' tendency to learn language based on implicit computations of the sounds they hear rather than explicit teaching?
Statistical learners
What did infants in the study orient longer towards, suggesting they had learned something?
0.33 transitional probabilities
At what age do English-learning 7.5 month olds start to segment words from fluent speech based on the predominant stress pattern of the language?
7.5 months
What is a key aspect that infants rely on more between 8-11 months to infer word boundaries in fluent speech?
Statistical cues
What do infants around 12 months understand about a single label referring to objects?
It refers to objects with similar functions
At what age do children acquire up to 9 new words per day, according to the text?
12-18 months
What do infants start to use meaningfully around 12-18 months to communicate something?
Words
What ability is correlated with later linguistic competence in children, according to the text?
Following pointing and eye gaze reliably
What is a notable constraint on word learning mentioned in the text?
Whole-Object Bias
What is one of the key aspects infants must learn for acquiring a new language?
Discovering the salient sounds and auditory units of their language
At what age do newborns typically transition from reflexive responses to intentional vocalizations?
Within a few months
What is a notable behavior that may encourage caregivers to communicate more with infants?
Displaying intentional vocalizations
How do hearing newborns typically respond to sounds according to the text?
By turning their heads in the direction of sounds
What do infants around 12-18 months start using meaningfully to communicate something?
Referential gestures like pointing
What ability do infants use more between 8-11 months to infer word boundaries in fluent speech?
"Perceptual skills not specific to language"
What does the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) suggest about infants' discrimination of speech sounds?
Infants discriminate sounds based on whether they fall into native-language perceptual categories.
At what age do infants typically exhibit variegated babbling influenced by the language they are exposed to?
11 months
What do 9-month-olds tend to prefer in terms of syllable stress in two-syllable words?
Words with more stressed first syllables
When do infants start showing an understanding of referential gestures like pointing at objects?
6 months
What role does the distribution of input to infants play in developing a perceptual weighting scheme?
It causes infants to focus more on sounds that are relevant to the native language.
What do infants appear to learn language based on, according to the text?
Regularities they pick up in speech spontaneously
What do infants around 7.5 months rely on more to infer word boundaries in fluent speech?
Stress cues
In language development, what is the 'whole-object bias' that infants exhibit?
Assuming novel words refer to the whole object rather than its parts
What skill sets infants apart from animals in terms of language acquisition?
Social pragmatic understanding
At what age do infants start to follow eye gaze successfully?
12 months
What ability do infants demonstrate when they refuse to label an interesting object and focus on the boring object during a labeling procedure?
Intermodal preferential looking
In language development, what do 12-18 month-old children start to use meaningfully to communicate something?
Words
What do infants learn to implicitly encode about speech around 8 months of age?
/Ju/ following /lie/ with probability 0.33
What do 9-month-old infants expect when encountering two different labels for objects?
Two similar objects with different functions
In language development, what process do infants use based on the regularities they pick up in speech spontaneously?
'Statistical learning'
What cognitive skill do infants develop to help them segment words from fluent speech?
Sensitivity to language rhythms
What aspect of language development helps infants understand how communication works and the nonverbal cues parents use to aid communication?
Pragmatics
At what age do infants, on average, acquire 9 new words per day according to the text?
18 months
What do infants transition from being to become specialists in their own native language according to the text?
Universal perceivers
Which of the following behaviors is mentioned in the text as encouraging caregivers to communicate more with infants?
Emotional information from speech
During which early stage of production and social skills do newborns typically move from reflexive responses to intentional vocalizations?
Birth-6 months
What perceptual skills do infants utilize that are not specific to language in the language development process?
Generalization, categorization
What term is used to describe the meaningful differences between vocal sounds, such as 'b' and 'p'?
Phonemic contrast
What do newborns demonstrate when they can discriminate across many sounds that adults in their culture cannot?
Universal language acquisition
How do infants typically respond when rhythm and intonational properties of languages differ greatly?
They can still distinguish the languages
At what age do infants typically demonstrate a preference for well-formed sentences with proper pauses at the end?
6 months
What is the term for infants' sensitivity to the frequency of syllable stress and phoneme orderings in the ambient language by implicit computations of the sounds they hear?
Statistical learning
What ability do infants around 6 months start developing that might assist with learning grammar?
Prosody sensitivity
'Categorical perception' refers to adults' ability to discriminate between sounds based on which feature?
Vocal onset time categories
At what age do infants typically lose the ability to discriminate sounds that are not relevant to their native language?
10-12 months
What do infants rely on more between 8-11 months to infer word boundaries in fluent speech?
Syllable stress patterns
Infants that haven't formed perceptual categories of sound are more likely to discriminate than adults due to:
The absence of native language categories
What is the term for the process where infants learn language based on what regularities they pick up in speech spontaneously?
Statistical learning
What do infants start showing an understanding of around 9 months when they look at objects being referred to by gestures?
Referential gestures
What is an example of infants using syntactic bootstrapping in language acquisition?
Infants assigning meaning to nonsense words based on grammar
In the study mentioned, how did infants react when the word 'blickish' was used to describe purple?
They labeled other purple objects as 'blickish'
What aspect of language comprehension did the study with 19-month-olds focus on?
Comprehending complex sentence structures
How do infants demonstrate sensitivity to morphology in language development?
By labeling properties of objects based on adjective endings
What did infants typically do when asked questions related to the Wug Test?
Produce new word forms spontaneously
How did infants react when asked a question like 'what hit the flower?' in the text?
Looked longer at the flower
What do 7.5-month-old English-learning infants rely more on to infer word boundaries in fluent speech?
Stress cues
At what age do infants show a preference for a novel object in a static display indicating they understand the 'whole-object bias'?
12 months
What do infants around 12 months of age understand about labels?
A single label refers to objects with similar functions
What do infants acquire up to 9 of per day between the ages of 12-18 months, as mentioned in the text?
New words
At what age do infants typically understand that two different labels refer to two different objects instead of one identical object?
8-9 months
What skill sets infants apart from animals in terms of language acquisition according to the text?
Understanding social pragmatic intent
What ability do infants typically demonstrate when they associate an adult shaking their head no with finding the wrong object?
Sensitivity to referential intent
At which age do infants begin to follow eye gaze successfully according to the text?
9 months
'Vacuum cleaners' is used in the text to describe children acquiring how many new words per day?
9
At around what age do infants start using referential cues like shaking head no to label objects correctly?
9-12 months
Explore the process of language development in infants, from speech perception to first words. Learn about how infants acquire new words, discover phonology, semantics, and grammar, and use pragmatics in language learning.
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