Language Development and Semantics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes semantics?

  • The meaning of words and sentences (correct)
  • The physical processes of speech
  • The structure of sentences
  • The social rules governing language use

The behaviorist theory posits that language is an innate ability.

False (B)

What is the primary function of Broca’s Area?

Speech production

The smallest unit of meaning in language is called a ______.

<p>morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following language concepts with their definitions:

<p>Pragmatics = Social rules governing language use Nativist Theory = Language is an innate ability Linguistic Universals = Common features across all languages Plasticity = The brain's ability to adapt as it learns language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is responsible for understanding language?

<p>Wernicke’s Area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans have a unique ability to use language unlike animals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

<p>Learning through reinforcement and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the role of social learning in language development?

<p>Vygotsky (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infants start using their first words around the age of two.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Parentese'?

<p>A way of speaking to infants characterized by higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which children learn the meanings of words after just a few exposures is known as _________.

<p>fast mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the communication strategies with their descriptions:

<p>Contingent responding = Caregiver's responses to infant signals Joint reference = Shared focus on an object or event Infant-directed speech = Higher-pitched, exaggerated speech for infants First words = Used by babies around one year of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significantly influences a child's language development?

<p>Parental education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children's language skills improve with increased quantity and quality of linguistic input.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two-word combinations and when do they typically emerge in children?

<p>They are simple sentences formed by combining two words, typically emerging around age two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caregivers' communication with babies through gestures and sounds is called __________.

<p>intentional communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can create disadvantages in language development for children?

<p>Low-income households (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language development is based solely on biology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does imitation play in language development?

<p>Imitation helps children learn new words and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to create a supportive communication environment for infants is essential for ________ development.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following developmental stages with their key characteristics:

<p>Cooing = Early vocalizations preceding babbling Babbling = Repeating sounds in a rhythmic manner Proto-words = Sounds that stand for specific objects or events Early speech acts = Intentional use of gestures and sounds to express needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model illustrates structured teacher-student interactions?

<p>IRE Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vocabulary development occurs independently of cognitive development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chunking in vocabulary development?

<p>To organize words by semantic features</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children's ability to use language for social functions, such as maintaining conversations, is known as __________ awareness.

<p>pragmatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following developmental milestones with their age group:

<p>Early Childhood = Expansion of vocabulary School Years = Mastery of complex syntax Adolescence = Comprehension of figurative language Ages 5-8 = Development of metalinguistic awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of figurative language?

<p>Complex Syntax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children begin to understand indirect requests during the early childhood stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of sound in speech that can change the meaning of a word called?

<p>phoneme</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of speech sounds and the rules that govern how they can be sequenced is known as __________.

<p>phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the language elements with their definitions:

<p>Voicing = Whether vocal cords vibrate during sound production Aspiration = Release of air during consonant production Allophone = Variations of a phoneme that don't change meaning Place of articulation = Location where airflow is constricted in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the role of the environment in language learning?

<p>Behaviorist Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy supports vocabulary growth by categorizing words?

<p>Chunking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nativists believe that language is entirely learned through reinforcement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding irony and humor develops quickly and is innate.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the prevalence of a communication disorder?

<p>The percentage of people with a communication issue at any given time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organic disorders have no known anatomical or physiological causes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of vocabulary expansion?

<p>Horizontal and vertical expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Language Acquisition Support System proposed by Bruner?

<p>Social interaction in language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children often learn distinct communication patterns based on __________ influences.

<p>gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, the cognitive development stage from birth to 2 years is called the ______ stage.

<p>Sensorimotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hearing loss is permanent due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve?

<p>Sensorineural Hearing Loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

The condition where vision is defined as 20/200 vision or worse in the better eye, with correction, is known as __________.

<p>Legally Blind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the theorist with their primary concept regarding language or cognitive development:

<p>Chomsky = Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Skinner = Reinforcement in language learning Vygotsky = Zone of Proximal Development Piaget = Stages of cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the interactionist perspective on language development?

<p>Both biology and social interaction are essential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of speech disorders with their definitions:

<p>Phonological Disorder = Difficulty organizing speech sounds Articulation Disorder = Difficulty producing speech sounds correctly Fluency Disorder = Disruptions in the flow of speech Voice Disorder = Affects the quality of speech sounds produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of brain injury can lead to cognitive, speech, and motor impairments?

<p>Traumatic Brain Injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pragmatics refers to the study of language structure and grammar.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'scaffolding' refer to in Vygotsky's theory?

<p>Support provided by adults to help children learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

Developmental disability only includes conditions that are physical in nature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dynamic Systems Theory suggests that each child's development is influenced by their ______ and previous experiences.

<p>environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disorder characterized by difficulties with reading despite having normal intelligence?

<p>Dyslexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where some children outgrow stuttering without intervention is called __________.

<p>Spontaneous Recovery of Stuttering</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Piaget’s theory involves children developing an understanding of object permanence?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingualism has no effect on children's cognitive development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hearing loss with their descriptions:

<p>Conductive Hearing Loss = Issues in the outer or middle ear Sensorineural Hearing Loss = Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve Mixed Hearing Loss = Combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a main challenge of communication disorders?

<p>They can impact an individual's ability to interact and function in daily life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Piaget introduce that describes fitting new information into existing mental structures?

<p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ theory suggests that language is a tool that contributes to cognitive development.

<p>Vygotsky's</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speech therapy is always ineffective unless initiated during early childhood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a condition with limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior?

<p>Intellectual Disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cognitive development concepts with their definitions:

<p>Assimilation = Fitting new information into existing schemas Accommodation = Changing schemas to fit new information Object Permanence = Understanding that objects exist even when not seen Causality = Understanding cause and effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voice disorders caused by excessive tension in the muscles that control speech production are known as __________.

<p>Muscle Tension Dysphonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their relevant characteristics:

<p>Psychogenic Stuttering = Caused by psychological factors Neurogenic Stuttering = Results from neurological damage Secondary Symptoms = Physical manifestations accompanying stuttering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does incidence refer to in the context of communication disorders?

<p>The total number of people who will experience a disorder at some point in their lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of language analysis in children?

<p>To understand a child's use of language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional disorders have identifiable physical or structural causes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grammatical morphemes are the smallest units of meaning added to a word.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three core characteristics of disordered speech according to Van Riper and Erickson?

<p>Conspicuous, unintelligible, unpleasant</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the dual language system hypothesis propose about bilingual children?

<p>They use two separate language systems from the start. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does MLU stand for in language development analysis?

<p>Mean Length of Utterance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vocalization do infants produce at birth?

<p>Quasi-resonant nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children learning a second language face no challenges in understanding academic content.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system of the World Health Organization helps practitioners assess disabilities.

<p>International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of expressing 'no' or negating an action is known as __________.

<p>negation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the stage of language development when a child’s mean length of utterance (MLU) ranges from 3.0 to 3.75.

<p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marginal babbling occurs between 5-6 months of age.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simultaneous bilingualism refers to children learning both languages at the ______.

<p>the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sounds children use in at least two word positions?

<p>Customary production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the development of communication disorders?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of language development with their characteristics:

<p>Stage 2 = Uses grammatical morphemes, MLU of 2.0-2.5 Stage 3 = Increased MLU of 2.5-3.0, includes auxiliary verbs Stage 4-5 = Complex sentence structures with clausal conjoining Stage 1 = Initial use of simple words and phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects boys more than girls.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the curriculum approaches with their descriptions:

<p>Contributions approach = Focuses on cultural contributions Additive approach = Adds cultural elements to existing curriculum Transformation approach = Changes the curriculum to reflect diverse perspectives Social action approach = Encourages students to take action on social issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of pronoun?

<p>Imperative Pronouns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syllable structure processes involve ______ syllables.

<p>simplifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that caregivers shape an infant's phonological system?

<p>Babbling drift theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key challenge for teachers in culturally diverse classrooms?

<p>Different cultural background from students. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children typically achieve a Type-Token Ratio of 1.0 in early childhood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common term used for difficulties in acquiring spoken and written language skills that are not due to intellectual disabilities?

<p>Learning disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ occurrence of language difficulties in individuals with autism is expected, due to the spectrum nature of the disorder.

<p>diverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

School language is the same as home language.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glossing during language sample transcription?

<p>To ensure clarity of the child's utterances</p> Signup and view all the answers

AAE developed solely from European languages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In bilingualism, __________ bilingualism occurs when a child learns two languages simultaneously from birth.

<p>simultaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decreolization?

<p>The process by which Creole languages evolve to resemble dominant languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the specific vocabulary used in academic subjects?

<p>Language of Academic Subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the learning disability with its definition:

<p>Dyslexia = Difficulty with reading Dyscalculia = Difficulty with mathematical concepts Dysgraphia = Challenges with handwriting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of overgeneralization in language use by children?

<p>Saying 'went' instead of 'goed' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The IRE model stands for ______, ______, and ______.

<p>Initiate, Respond, Evaluate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asian English reflects the influences of various ______ languages.

<p>Asian</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor for improving outcomes in hearing loss cases?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of language development as mentioned?

<p>Stage 5 (5-6 years) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aid from caregivers is important during conversations as it helps children repair their speech.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is commonly associated with Hispanic English?

<p>Omission of auxiliary verbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children usually recover better from strokes than adults.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilingual children benefit from a multilingual environment only after they reach adulthood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by clausal conjoining in language development?

<p>Combining clauses to form more complex sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two common contributors to communication difficulties.

<p>Hearing loss and autism spectrum disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following speech disorders with their characteristics:

<p>Articulation issues = Difficulty pronouncing sounds correctly Voice disorders = Problems with pitch, volume, or quality Fluency disorders = Disruptions in the flow of speech Language disorders = Challenges in understanding or using language</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range corresponds to Stage 5 of language development?

<p>3.5 to 4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early identification of disorders like __________ can improve prognosis and aid in appropriate intervention.

<p>hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children's narratives evolve into more coherent forms with ________ and temporal relations.

<p>causal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of communication disorders in the population?

<p>About 10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?

<p>Cognitive, sensory processing, and communication impacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive understanding influences ______ development, especially in areas like temporal and causal relations.

<p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disordered speech can affect communication, learning, and social interactions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the language development concepts with their definitions:

<p>Modulations of Meaning = Changes in meaning through grammatical morphemes Metalinguistics = Ability to reflect on language components Pragmatics = Social appropriateness of language use Code Mixing = Blending elements of two languages in speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phonological processes?

<p>Simplifications made in speech when children haven't mastered all phonemes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in an antibiased curriculum?

<p>Fair representation of all cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ refers to variations in language based on geography, social class, or culture.

<p>Dialects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its description:

<p>Phonological awareness = Understanding sounds in language Vocabulary acquisition = Strategies to learn new words Behavior management language = Expectations for school behavior Personal identity language = How children express their identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key factor that contributes to communication disorders.

<p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of dyslexia?

<p>Difficulty with phonological decoding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DLD stands for Developmental Language Disorder, which refers to a language issue without any identifiable cause.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is estimated to be affected by dyslexia?

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with dyslexia often struggle with ______ decoding.

<p>phonological</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disorders with their descriptions:

<p>Dyslexia = Difficulty with reading and phonological decoding DLD = Difficulty acquiring and using language Phonological Disorder = Understanding and using sound rules Articulation Disorder = Difficulty producing clear speech sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following co-occurring conditions is often associated with dyslexia?

<p>ADHD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with fluency disorders typically exhibit no secondary symptoms when stuttering.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of children with articulation disorders?

<p>Difficulty producing specific speech sounds correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child's vocabulary and grammatical development may be delayed in ______.

<p>DLD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of fluency disorders to their descriptions:

<p>Developmental Stuttering = Typically begins between ages 2-6 with spontaneous recovery Neurogenic Stuttering = Occurs after brain damage and may require intervention Psychogenic Stuttering = Linked to psychological trauma with sudden onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment strategy is beneficial for children with dyslexia?

<p>Auditory support and IEPs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with phonological disorders often achieve literacy skills without difficulty.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one common error type seen in articulation disorders.

<p>Substitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with DLD may also experience ______ difficulties due to their communication challenges.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated effect of untreated DLD on literacy?

<p>Results in literacy challenges later in life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communication

The process of exchanging information, ideas, or feelings.

Language

A system of symbols and rules used for communication.

Speech

The spoken expression of language, involving physical processes.

Speech Chain

The steps that connect a speaker's thoughts to a listener's understanding.

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Receptive Language

Understanding language, such as listening or reading.

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Expressive Language

Producing language, such as speaking, signing, or writing.

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Nativist Theory

Language is innate, humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) to learn.

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Behaviorist Theory

Language is learned through environment, imitation, and reinforcement.

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Nativism

The theory that language acquisition is primarily innate, meaning children are born with a predisposition for language learning.

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Behaviorism

The theory that language acquisition is primarily learned through environmental interactions, such as imitation and reinforcement.

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Interactionism

The theory that language acquisition is influenced by both innate abilities and environmental interactions.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A hypothetical mental structure proposed by Chomsky, believed to be responsible for the innate ability to learn language.

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Schema

A mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information.

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Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing schemas.

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Accommodation

Modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

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Causality

The understanding of cause and effect relationships.

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Imitation

The ability to copy the actions or behaviors of others.

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Private Speech

When children talk to themselves to guide their actions and thinking.

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with assistance.

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Scaffolding

The support provided by adults or more experienced individuals to help children learn.

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Executive Functions

Mental processes that help control attention, memory, and behavior, contributing to learning and decision-making.

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Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that others have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.

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Socioeconomic Factors

Aspects like race, social class, education, occupation, and region that influence a child's language development.

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Parentese

A special way of speaking to infants characterized by higher pitch, slower pace, and exaggerated intonation, aiding language learning.

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Contingent Responding

Caregivers' responses to infants' signals, like sounds or gestures, which help develop communication and language skills.

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Joint Reference

Shared focus between a caregiver and child on an object or event, essential for language learning.

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Phonotactic Rules

Rules governing permissible sound combinations within a language.

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Fast Mapping

The process where children quickly learn the meanings of words after only a few exposures.

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Pre-birth Communication

Babies begin processing information and responding to sounds and patterns in the womb before birth.

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Infant-directed Speech

Caregivers use higher-pitched, slower, exaggerated speech to help infants learn language, also known as 'parentese'.

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Importance of Interaction

Language learning thrives on active interaction with caregivers, not just passive hearing.

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Early Speech Acts

Babies start with reflexive cries and progress to intentional communication using gestures, pointing, and single words.

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First Words

Babies begin using their first words around one year, typically referring to people, objects, or actions.

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Syntax Development

By age two, toddlers start combining words into simple sentences, showing their understanding of grammar.

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Learning through Stories

Reading and sharing stories develop listening and narrative skills, aiding in more complex language use later.

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Language Input

The quantity and quality of language children are exposed to significantly impact their language skills.

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Intentional Communication

As babies develop, they move from reflexive actions to using gestures and words to intentionally express needs and ideas.

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Modulations of Meaning

Changes in the way meaning is conveyed through grammar, like adding endings to verbs or using plurals.

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Grammatical Morphemes

Small units of meaning added to words to change tense, number, possession, etc. Examples include 's' (plural), 'ing' (present continuous), and 'ed' (past tense).

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Inflection

Modifying a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, or number. Basically, adding endings to words.

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Pronoun

A word that replaces a noun (e.g., he, she, it).

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Subjective Pronoun

Pronouns used as the subject of a sentence (e.g., I, you, he, she).

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Objective Pronoun

Pronouns used as the object of a verb or preposition (e.g., me, him, her).

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Possessive Pronoun

Pronouns that show ownership (e.g., my, your, his, hers).

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Copula Verb

A verb that links a subject to a predicate (e.g., 'is,' 'are,' 'was').

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Auxiliary Verb

A verb that helps another verb (e.g., 'do,' 'have,' 'will').

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Overgeneralization

When a child applies a grammar rule too broadly, like saying 'goed' instead of 'went.'

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Negation

The process of expressing 'no,' 'not,' or 'don't' to negate an action.

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Modality

Verbs that indicate possibility or necessity (e.g., 'can,' 'should').

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Deixis

Words whose meaning depends on context (e.g., 'here,' 'there'), 'this,' 'that.'

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Narrative

The development of stories, progressing from simple recounts to more complex narratives with logical sequences.

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Unitary Language System Hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that bilingual children initially form a single, combined language system, blending both languages together.

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Dual Language System Hypothesis

This hypothesis posits that bilingual children develop separate and distinct language systems for each language right from the start.

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Cognitive Understanding's Role

Cognitive development, especially understanding of time and cause-and-effect, significantly influences language development.

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MLU

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) is a measure of language complexity, calculated by averaging the number of morphemes (meaningful units) in a child's utterances.

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Stage 2 Language Development

During this stage (27-30 months), vocabulary and grammar grow rapidly. The child uses basic negation ('no'), early pronouns ('me'), and some grammatical morphemes.

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Stage 3 Language Development

This stage (31-34 months) sees further growth in MLU, more complex negations, and the emergence of questions starting with 'who' or 'what'.

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Stage 4 Language Development

This stage (35-40 months) involves more complex sentence structures and initial use of embedded clauses (sentences within sentences).

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Simultaneous Bilingualism

Children learn both languages at the same time, often reaching language milestones similar to monolingual children.

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Successive Bilingualism

Children first learn one language and then another, often with some influence from the first language on the second.

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Teacher Preparation for Diverse Students

Teachers need specific awareness, knowledge, and skills to effectively teach culturally diverse students.

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Multicultural Education

Teaching that values the backgrounds and experiences of all students, regardless of their culture.

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Antibiased Curriculum

A curriculum that avoids bias and promotes equality, ensuring all perspectives are represented fairly.

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Academic Language

The specific vocabulary and ways of talking used in school subjects, often more complex than everyday language.

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Behavior Management Language

The language used for setting the rules and expectations for behavior in school, which may differ from home.

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IRE Model

A typical teacher-student interaction pattern in classrooms (Initiate, Respond, Evaluate), where teachers ask questions, students respond, and teachers evaluate.

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Revoicing

A technique where the teacher summarizes or rephrases a student's idea to promote understanding and peer-to-peer interaction.

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Instructional Conversations

Focused group discussions where the teacher guides students in exploring a topic through questions and open-ended responses.

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Hidden Curriculum

Unwritten rules and expectations that govern classroom behavior and learning, often unspoken but influential.

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Horizontal Vocabulary Expansion

Learning new words that relate to a known word or concept (e.g., learning 'cat' and then 'kitten' or 'feline').

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Vertical Vocabulary Expansion

Learning more complex or nuanced meanings of a word, like learning different synonyms or shades of meaning.

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Chunking

Organizing words into semantic categories or groups based on their related meanings.

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Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic Shift

Moving from understanding words solely based on their grammar rules (syntagmatic) to understanding their meaning (paradigmatic) within context.

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Idioms

Expressions with figurative meanings that can't be understood literally (e.g., 'kick the bucket' - meaning 'to die').

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Complex Syntax

Using complex sentence structures by combining clauses (e.g., using conjunctions to form compound sentences).

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Pragmatic Awareness

Understanding how language is used in social contexts, including social cues, politeness, and conversation repair.

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Phonological Awareness

The ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken words, which is crucial for reading and spelling.

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Metalinguistic Awareness

The ability to think and reflect about language itself, including its rules, structures, and functions.

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Prevalence

The number of people with a communication issue at any given time.

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Incidence

The rate of new cases of a communication disorder within a specific time period.

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Functional Disorder

A communication issue without a clear physical cause, like a brain injury or hearing loss.

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Organic Disorder

A communication issue with a clear physical reason, like a brain injury or physical damage.

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Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss due to issues in the outer or middle ear, blocking sound from reaching the inner ear.

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Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss because of damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve.

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Low Vision

Vision impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, but some sight remains.

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Legally Blind

Severe vision impairment, usually defined as 20/200 vision or worse even with correction.

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Developmental Disability

A broad category including conditions like intellectual disabilities, autism, and other developmental delays.

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Intellectual Disability

A condition with limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting daily life.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder impacting communication, social interactions, and behavior, with varying levels of severity.

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Brain injury caused by external forces, leading to cognitive, speech, and motor difficulties.

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Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

Disrupted blood flow to the brain, potentially causing speech and language problems.

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Learning Disability

A neurological disorder affecting information processing in the brain, causing challenges in reading, writing, or math.

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Dyslexia

Specific learning disability with difficulty reading despite normal intelligence.

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Quasi-resonant nuclei

Muffled, low-pitched sounds infants produce at birth; precursors to fully resonant sounds.

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Fully resonant nuclei

Clear, more varied sounds infants develop around 2-4 months, with greater range and frequency.

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Marginal babbling

Repetitive consonant-vowel combinations (like 'ba-ba') babies make around 5-6 months.

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Babbling Drift Theory

Suggests caregivers influence a baby's phonological system, guiding their sounds toward their native language.

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Discontinuity Theory

Proposes that babbling and real speech development are separate processes.

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Whole-word templates

Simplified versions of words used by children around their first year (e.g., 'baba' for 'bottle').

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Customary Production

A sound a child uses in at least two word positions, indicating they're using it regularly.

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Mastery (phonetic)

When 90% of children use a sound correctly at a given age.

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Syllable structure processes

Simplifying syllables in speech (e.g., 'cabbage' → 'cabb').

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Substitution processes

Replacing sounds in speech (e.g., 'ship' → 'sip').

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Assimilation processes

Sounds influencing each other (e.g., 'dog' → 'gog').

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Generative Phonology

The theory that children create mental rules about how phonemes combine to form speech.

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Phonological Processes

Simplifications children make in speech when they haven't mastered all the sounds.

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Coarticulation

Speech sounds overlapping, creating a smoother flow (e.g., 'cat' → 'kæt').

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Dialects

Variations in language based on geography, social class, or culture.

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African American English (AAE)

A dialect with distinct features that reflect its cultural background.

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Incidence of Communication Disorders

The total number of people who experience a communication disorder throughout their lives, including those who have had, currently have, or will develop it.

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Multifactorial Causes of Communication Disorders

Communication disorders often arise from a combination of genetic, neurological, environmental, and developmental factors, making pinpointing a single cause difficult.

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ICF System

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) system helps professionals assess disabilities and their impacts across different areas of life.

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Disordered Speech: Conspicuous

Disordered speech is noticeable to others; the abnormality is easily observed.

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Disordered Speech: Unintelligible

Disordered speech is difficult to understand, making communication challenging.

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Disordered Speech: Unpleasant

Disordered speech can be uncomfortable or unpleasant to listen to.

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Functional Communication Disorder

A disorder with no identifiable physical or structural cause, even after thorough testing.

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Organic Communication Disorder

A disorder with a clear and identifiable physiological or anatomical cause, like a brain injury or hearing loss.

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Environmental Factors: Prenatal Influences

Factors affecting the fetus during pregnancy, such as maternal drug use or infections, can contribute to communication disorders.

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Environmental Factors: Birth Complications

Prematurity, low birth weight, or lack of oxygen during birth can lead to communication disorders.

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Environmental Factors: Neglect and Abuse

Lack of nurturing care, neglect, abuse, and insufficient social interaction can contribute to communication problems.

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Mixed Hearing Loss

A combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder: Social Communication Deficits

People with ASD struggle with expressing and understanding social cues, leading to challenges in social situations.

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Co-morbidities with Dyslexia

Dyslexia often occurs alongside other conditions such as dysgraphia (writing difficulties) and Auditory Processing Disorder (APD).

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Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)

Children with DLD have trouble learning and using language, but the issue isn't caused by hearing loss, brain problems, or intellectual disabilities.

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Phonological Disorder

Children with this disorder have speech errors that go beyond simple mistakes, indicating they have trouble understanding and using the rules for sounds.

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Articulation Disorder

This refers to difficulty producing clear speech sounds. Problems can arise from issues with the speech mechanism, such as breath support, vocal tone, or brain coordination.

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Types of Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorders disrupt the natural flow of speech, with different types having unique causes and characteristics.

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Developmental Stuttering

This type of stuttering usually begins between the ages of 2-6 years, involving repetitions of words or sounds, hesitations, and prolongations.

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Neurogenic Stuttering

This occurs after brain damage, such as from a stroke, causing sudden stuttering that may not resolve without intervention.

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Psychogenic Stuttering

This stuttering is linked to specific psychological trauma or stress, often appearing suddenly and related to emotional or psychological hardship.

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Support Strategies for Dyslexia

Strategies for dyslexia can include specialized fonts, auditory support, and individualized education plans (IEPs) designed to meet a child's unique needs.

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Impact of Phonological Disorders

Children with phonological disorders are at risk for literacy difficulties, as they struggle with the fundamental aspects of speech needed for reading and writing.

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Surface Structure Problems in Articulation Disorders

These are visible speech errors that affect how words are pronounced, such as substituting, distorting, or omitting sounds.

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Fluency Disorders: Disrupted Speech Flow

Fluency disorders interrupt the natural flow of speech, causing hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds, affecting communication.

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Untreated DLD's Impact

Unattended DLD can lead to literacy challenges later in life, especially in reading and writing, highlighting the importance of early intervention.

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Study Notes

Probability of Speech-Language Disorder

  • Probability of a patient having a speech-language disorder upon entering a clinic isn't provided in the text.

Morphemes per Utterance

  • The number of morphemes per utterance is a variable.

Semantics vs. Syntax

  • Semantics focuses on the meaning of words and sentences.
  • Syntax concerns sentence structure.

Phonemes and Allophones

  • Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that change meaning.
  • Allophones are variations of phonemes that don't affect meaning.

Emergent Language Samples (Child Language)

  • A language sample where the child doesn't understand the meaning demonstrates a problem in semantics

  • A language sample where the syntax is incorrect shows a problem with syntax

Pidgin and Creole

  • Pidgin is a simplified language used when speakers of different languages need to communicate.
  • Creole develops from pidgin if it becomes more structured.

Chapter 1: A Connection of Brains

  • Communication is sending and receiving information.
  • Language uses abstract symbols and rules.
  • Speech is oral language expression.
  • The speech chain connects thoughts to understanding.
  • Receptive language is understanding.
  • Expressive language is speaking/signing/writing.
  • Pragmatics are social language rules.
  • Semantics is word/sentence meaning.
  • Syntax is sentence structure.
  • Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning.
  • Language has unique design features compared to animal communication (e.g., arbitrariness, displacement, recursion).
  • Human communication involves complex steps (physical and cognitive).

Chapter 2: Language Acquisition

  • Nativist theory (Chomsky): Language is innate (LAD).
  • Behaviorist theory (Skinner): Language is learned through environmental input.
  • Interactionist theory: Language is both biological and social.
  • Wernicke's area: Language comprehension.
  • Broca's area: Speech production.
  • Mirror neurons: Learning by imitation.
  • Plasticity: Brain's ability to adapt and reorganize.
  • Operant conditioning: Learning through reinforcement.
  • Linguistic universals: Shared language features across languages.
  • Key theorists: Chomsky, Skinner, Bruner.
  • Interactionist theories: Language is shaped by social interaction and experiences; pragmatics are key.
  • Cognitive theories: Language and cognition develop together.

Chapter 3: Cognitive Development

  • Piaget's stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
  • Schema: Mental structures, assimilation: new info to existing schemas, accommodation: changing schemas.
  • Object permanence: Understanding objects exist when unseen.
  • Causality: Understanding cause-and-effect.
  • Imitation: Copying others' actions.
  • Play: Important for cognitive development.
  • Communication: Crucial for development.
  • Vygotsky's theory: Social interaction is integral to cognitive development.
  • Private speech: Talking to oneself.
  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a child can do alone and with assistance.
  • Scaffolding: Support provided for learning.
  • Dynamic systems theory: Child development is unique, influenced by environment and previous experiences.
  • Perception: Interpretation of sensory info (visual/auditory).
  • Executive functions: Attention, memory, control (important for language and academic skills).
  • Bilingualism: Cognitive advantages are possible.

Chapter 4: Communication Development (Birth-2 Years)

  • Social and cultural factors influence language learning.
  • Parentese: Infant-directed speech (higher pitch, slower).
  • Contingent responding: Caregiver responses to infant signals.
  • Joint reference: Shared focus on an object/event.
  • Phonotactic rules: Permissible sound combinations in a language.
  • Fast mapping: Rapid word learning.
  • Home environment impacts language development.
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) affects language development.
  • Pre-birth communication: Babies respond to sounds in the womb.
  • Importance of interaction and joint attention for language learning.
  • Early speech acts: Crying, gestures, pointing, single words.
  • First words: Used for objects, people, actions.
  • Word combinations (2-word sentences): Emergence of syntax.
  • Imitation: Used for new words/actions/gestures.
  • Learning through stories: Crucial for listening and narrative development.
  • Language input quality/quantity are important.
  • Cultural influences affect language development.
  • Early vocalizations (reflexive cries, cooing, babbling).
  • Intentional communication: Using gestures/words to express needs.

Chapter 5: Children Learning Language

  • Purposes of language sampling: Documenting abilities, tracking progress, research.
  • Reliability and validity of samples are crucial.
  • Minimum sample size: 75-100 usable utterances (100-150 initial).
  • Sample preparation: Spending time with the child, preparing materials, observing in different settings.
  • Language sampling engagement: Encouraging conversation through questions/statements.
  • Recording: Audio/video recording is vital.
  • Transcription: Accurate transcription of recorded interactions.
  • Analysis purpose: Understanding language use (grammar, meaning, social function).
  • Grammatical analysis: Identifying and counting morphemes, using MLU (Mean Length of Utterance).
  • Semantic analysis: Understanding child's expressions, using type-token ratio.
  • Pragmatic analysis: Evaluating language's social appropriateness and function.
  • Grammatical morphemes: Small units enhancing word meaning (tense, number, possession).
  • Modulations of meaning: Changes in meaning through grammatical additions.
  • Pronouns/verb use: Progression in different types of pronouns, using auxiliary and copula verbs.
  • Syntax/sentence structure: Development of more complex sentence structures (in a phased approach).
  • Negation and interrogatives: How children express negation and ask questions.
  • Conversations and pragmatics: Improvement in conversation maintenance.
  • Narratives: Developing simple recounts and more complex stories (causal/temporal relationships).
  • Metalinguistics: Reflecting on and manipulating the components of language.
  • Bilingualism: Simultaneous/successive acquisition, code-switching.
  • Cognitive language interaction: Cognition influences language, especially complex ideas.

Chapter 7: Taking Language from Home to School

  • Teacher preparation for diverse students: Recognizing cultural differences.
  • Multicultural education: Valuing all cultural backgrounds.
  • Anti-biased curriculum: Avoiding biases in education.
  • Approaches to a multicultural curriculum: Contributions, additive, transformation, social action.
  • Language of academic subjects: Vocabulary/language used in specific subjects.
  • Teacher-student dialogue: Forms like the IRE model (Initiate, Respond, Evaluate).
  • Vocabulary acquisition: Strategies to learn new words (context, models, structures).
  • Phonological awareness and spelling: Understanding sounds in language and spelling stages.
  • Story grammar: Structure of stories (event sequences/narrative types).
  • School language vs. home language: Differences and challenges for ESL students.
  • Language learning challenges for ESL students: Time to proficiency.
  • Diverse teaching needs: Recognizing challenges faced by teachers of culturally diverse students.
  • Multicultural curriculum approaches: Promoting equality and embracing cultural differences.
  • New forms of language in school: Academic language (vocabulary/questions), behavior management language, personal identity language.
  • Teacher-student interaction: IRE model.
  • Language of behavior management: Unwritten rules and expectations.
  • Vocabulary growth: Parallel to cognitive development, horizontal/vertical expansion.
  • Figurative language and humor: Idioms/irony/proverbs are gradually understood.
  • Complex syntax development: Conjoining, embedding clauses.
  • Pragmatic awareness: Social language use (conversation/indirect requests).
  • Reading and writing: Intertwined with language development.
  • Metalinguistic awareness: Increased ability to analyze language.
  • Cultural narratives and storytelling: Child narrative evolution (event sequences).
  • Gender and language: Genderlects (gendered language differences).
  • Developmental language milestones (early and school years).

Chapter 8: Speech Sounds and Cultural Variations

  • Phoneme: Smallest sound unit in speech.
  • Phonology: Study of speech sounds and rules for combining them.
  • Aspiration: Air puff released during consonant production.
  • Allophone: Variations of a phoneme that don't change meaning.
  • International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): Standardized system of speech sound symbols.
  • Place/manner of articulation: Specifics for producing sounds.
  • Voicing: Vocal cord vibration aspect of sounds.
  • Consonant clusters: Clusters of consonants in syllables.
  • Intelligibility: How clearly a speaker is understood.
  • Infant vocalization: From quasi-resonant nuclei to babbling.
  • First words: Simplified word templates, customary production, mastery.
  • Phonological processes: Simplifications (syllable structure, substitutions, assimilation).
  • Theories of phonological acquisition: Generative phonology, phonological processes, coarticulation.
  • Dialects: Geographic/social/cultural variations (standard/vernacular).
  • African American English (AAE): Creolist theory, differences from Standard American English.
  • Hispanic English (HE): Influences from Spanish.
  • Asian English (AE): Influences from various Asian languages.
  • Native American English (NAE): Influences from indigenous languages.
  • Regional dialects in the U.S. (New England, Northern, Southern).

Speech and Language Disorders in Children

  • Prevalence of communication disorders (5-10% of population).

  • Differentiating between normal and disordered speech.

  • Speech and language interrelationship.

  • Impact of speech/language disorders on learning.

  • Causes (genetic/environmental/neurological), types (functional/organic). Speech characteristics (articulation, voice, fluency, language).

  • Hearing loss: Conductive/sensorineural/mixed, impact.

  • Vision and disabilities: Low vision/legally blind.

  • Developmental/intellectual disabilities (intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder).

  • TBI/stroke/learning disabilities.

  • Specific speech disorders: Articulation disorder, phonological disorder, voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering).

  • Impact on learning: Academic difficulties.

  • Early identification: Importance of early intervention.

  • Multifactorial causes and treatment approaches: Speech therapy/medical support/educational intervention/psychological counseling.

  • WHO's ICF system: Holistic disability assessment.

  • Dyslexia: Difficulty in reading and decoding

  • Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): Language difficulties without other impairments.

  • Phonological disorders: Difficulties in applying sound rules.

  • Articulation disorders: Trouble producing speech sounds.

  • Fluency disorders: Disruptions in speech flow (developmental stuttering, neurogenic stuttering, psychogenic stuttering).

  • Importance of communication skills and challenges of disorders.

  • Impact on learning: Difficulty with reading and writing.

  • Early intervention: crucial for positive outcomes.

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Dive into the fascinating world of language development with this quiz! Explore key concepts such as semantics, Broca’s Area, and the role of social learning in language acquisition. Test your understanding of how children learn language and the factors that influence their language skills.

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