65 Questions
What ability have 2-month-olds demonstrated in connecting sounds to the articulation of the mouth?
Relating sounds of different vowels to the appropriate mouth movements
What perceptual abilities can infants develop even before birth according to the text?
Detecting subtle speech properties and distinguishing words
At what age do infants start connecting common words with their meanings?
6 months
What do 6-7 month-old infants typically exhibit in terms of babbling?
Canonical/reduplicated babbling
What is one of the key aspects infants must learn to acquire a new language?
Pragmatics
How do infants move from being universal perceivers to language-learning sophisticates?
By becoming specialists in their native tongue
Which type of skills do infants primarily use to learn language besides specific language skills?
Perceptual skills
What type of sounds do newborns typically make during the early production stage?
Vowel sounds
How do infants typically respond to sounds during the first 2 months of life?
Making eye contact with speakers
What motivates infants to attend to speech and encourages language acquisition?
Emotional info from speech
What is the term used to describe the meaningful differences between vocal sounds?
Phonemic contrast
In the context of categorical perception, when do adults typically discriminate between sounds like 'b' and 'p'?
When vocal onset time falls across different categories
What ability do infants possess in terms of sound discrimination that adults in their culture lack?
Ability to discriminate across a wider range of sounds
In what scenario can newborns differentiate between their native and foreign languages?
During suckling tasks
At what age can infants demonstrate recognition of well-formed phrases or sentences?
6 months
How do early sensitivities to prosody potentially aid infants in learning grammar?
By helping recognize sentence pauses
What is the significance of infants orienting towards 0.33 transitional probabilities over 1.00?
Infants have learned something about speech.
At what age do English-learning 7.5 month olds rely more on stress cues than statistical cues to infer word boundaries?
8 months
What skill do 12-18 month olds acquire according to the 'Language Learning Sophisticate' section?
Acquiring up to 9 new words per day.
What is the primary skill that infants need to learn language according to the 'Social Pragmatic Understanding' section?
Understanding social pragmatic intent.
What does the 'Whole-Object Bias' suggest about infants' assumptions regarding novel words?
Infants associate novel words with whole objects.
What role do stress cues play in English-learning 7.5 month olds?
They rely more on stress cues than statistical cues to infer word boundaries.
How do infants respond when two different labels ('dog' and 'ball') are mentioned but only one object is shown according to the text?
"Dog" and "ball" refer to different objects for infants.
What is the main implication of infants understanding a single label referring to objects that look the same and have similar functions?
"Boring" objects are more likely to be labeled by infants.
How do infants respond when an adult shakes their head 'no' while looking for an object and finds the wrong one, according to the text?
Infants understand the connection between gestures and labeling objects.
What is an example of infants using grammar to discover possible meaning?
Infants understanding syntactic bootstrapping
In a study where 'purple' was described as 'blickish', how did infants respond to other purple objects?
They labeled them as 'blickish'
What did the study reveal about infants' understanding of word order?
They understood how words combine to make meaning
What did the Wug Test demonstrate about some 18-month-olds?
Their understanding of word morphology
How did infants respond when asked different questions about an apple and a flower?
They looked at the apple when asked 'what did the apple hit?'
What does it mean when infants are said to recognize parts of speech?
They recognize verbs, nouns, and other linguistic elements
What term describes the ability of adults to discriminate between sounds 'b' and 'p' only when vocal onset time falls across different categories?
Categorical perception
How do infants demonstrate their ability to discriminate between native and foreign languages?
By responding to rhythm and intonational differences
What can infants recognize about well-formed sentences at 6 months of age?
The presence of pauses at appropriate locations
How do infants exhibit universal language perception according to the text?
By discriminating across many sounds adults in their culture cannot
What does the ability of newborns to recognize prosody before birth suggest?
Sensitivity to maternal language exposure
What aspect of sound discrimination do infants demonstrate when tested with suckling tasks?
Prosodic preference
What is the term used to describe the infants' preference for looking at a video of their mother when they hear the word 'mother'?
Preferential looking paradigm
At what age do infants typically start connecting common words with their meanings?
6 months
What is the significance of the Universal Baby Summary in relation to infants' perceptual abilities?
Learning names of common objects
What do infants demonstrate when they show canonical/reduplicated babbling at 6-7 months old?
Constraints of the vocal apparatus
What is a key developmental milestone infants reach between 6-12 months regarding language production?
Linking speech sounds to facial movements
What perceptual abilities can infants showcase even before birth according to the text?
Distinguishing subtle speech properties
What is the significance of variegated babbling in infants at around 11 months of age?
It is influenced by the language infants are exposed to
According to the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM), what determines infants' discrimination of speech sounds?
Categorization into native-language perceptual categories
What is the key factor that influences infants' speech sound categories?
The frequency of occurrence of phonemes in their native language
What is the main strategy infants use to learn language based on the text?
Statistical learning of speech sounds and sequences
In what procedure did 9-month-olds show a preference for two-syllable words with a more stressed first syllable?
Head turning procedure
What do transitional probabilities of syllables measure in language learning?
The likelihood of a syllable following another in a speech sequence
How do infants primarily categorize objects based on when learning new words?
Shape
What is assumed when a word is preceded by 'a', 'an', or 'the' according to infants' understanding?
It names objects
In what way do infants use grammar to assign meaning even to nonsensical words?
Through syntactic bootstrapping
How do 19-month-olds demonstrate an understanding of syntax in word combinations?
By looking at correct photos for specific action sequences
What do infants demonstrate when they look longer at an apple after being asked 'What hit the flower?'
Knowledge of question structure
In the context of question comprehension, what do 15-20 month-old infants show when asked different questions about objects?
Understanding of question nuances
What do 8-11 month olds rely more on to infer word boundaries from fluent speech?
Stress cues
How do infants demonstrate sensitivity to referential intent in labeling objects?
By following eye gaze
What does the 'Whole-Object Bias' suggest about infants' assumptions regarding novel words?
Novel words refer to the whole object
What is the primary skill that sets humans apart from animals according to the text?
Social pragmatic understanding
At what age do English-learning 7.5 month olds rely more on stress cues than statistical cues to infer word boundaries?
7.5 months
What do infants exhibit when asked to find a novel word over an attractive display representing an event?
Novelty preference
In what scenario would infants be surprised according to the text?
"Dog" and "Ball" are mentioned but only one object is shown
What is the significance of infants following pointing and eye gaze reliably according to the text?
Understanding referential intent
What ability do infants begin to use meaningfully between 12-18 months according to the 'Language Learning Sophisticate' section?
Using language to communicate
What do English-learning 7.5 month olds primarily rely on to segment words from fluent speech?
Stress cues
Learn about the process of language development in infants, from speech perception to their first words. Explore how infants acquire new words, discover sounds, learn meanings, and understand grammar rules.
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