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Questions and Answers
What is the standard barometric pressure at sea level?
What is the standard barometric pressure at sea level?
Which layer of the atmosphere contains the majority of weather patterns?
Which layer of the atmosphere contains the majority of weather patterns?
At what altitude does the tropopause generally occur?
At what altitude does the tropopause generally occur?
What is meant by hypobaric pressure?
What is meant by hypobaric pressure?
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Which is true about the thermosphere?
Which is true about the thermosphere?
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What is the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?
What is the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure?
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What is relative humidity a measure of?
What is relative humidity a measure of?
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Which layer of the atmosphere is located directly above the troposphere?
Which layer of the atmosphere is located directly above the troposphere?
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What type of hypoxia is characterized by a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?
What type of hypoxia is characterized by a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood?
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Which factor increases as a response to low PO2 in a hypobaric environment?
Which factor increases as a response to low PO2 in a hypobaric environment?
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How does altitude affect maximal oxygen consumption?
How does altitude affect maximal oxygen consumption?
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What physiological change occurs in response to acute exposure to high altitude?
What physiological change occurs in response to acute exposure to high altitude?
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What type of hypoxia results from the inability of cells to utilize oxygen for metabolism?
What type of hypoxia results from the inability of cells to utilize oxygen for metabolism?
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Which of the following is a consequence of increased altitude in terms of environmental exposure?
Which of the following is a consequence of increased altitude in terms of environmental exposure?
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Which physiological response is expected during maximal exercise at high altitude?
Which physiological response is expected during maximal exercise at high altitude?
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What is the effect of altitude on blood pressure during physical exertion?
What is the effect of altitude on blood pressure during physical exertion?
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What mechanism helps maintain pulmonary diffusion despite decreased oxygen levels at high altitudes?
What mechanism helps maintain pulmonary diffusion despite decreased oxygen levels at high altitudes?
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What is a common consequence of altitude-induced urination?
What is a common consequence of altitude-induced urination?
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What is hyperbaric pressure primarily used for?
What is hyperbaric pressure primarily used for?
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According to Boyle's Law, what relationship do pressure and volume of a gas have?
According to Boyle's Law, what relationship do pressure and volume of a gas have?
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What primarily causes the reduction in air temperature as altitude increases?
What primarily causes the reduction in air temperature as altitude increases?
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Which altitude is noted for the beginning of declines in aerobic performance?
Which altitude is noted for the beginning of declines in aerobic performance?
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Which law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
Which law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
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At what altitude do significant declines in endurance performance begin?
At what altitude do significant declines in endurance performance begin?
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What effect does hydrostatic pressure have on a scuba diver?
What effect does hydrostatic pressure have on a scuba diver?
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At which altitude do high-altitude winter sports become particularly challenging?
At which altitude do high-altitude winter sports become particularly challenging?
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What condition is described by barometric pressure being below 760 mm Hg?
What condition is described by barometric pressure being below 760 mm Hg?
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What is the primary reason for athletes to utilize the 'live high, train low' strategy?
What is the primary reason for athletes to utilize the 'live high, train low' strategy?
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Which of the following statements characterizes Charles’ Law?
Which of the following statements characterizes Charles’ Law?
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Which of the following is a long-term adaptation associated with acclimatization to altitude?
Which of the following is a long-term adaptation associated with acclimatization to altitude?
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What would be the most likely outcome at moderate altitudes for acclimatized individuals during submaximal exercise?
What would be the most likely outcome at moderate altitudes for acclimatized individuals during submaximal exercise?
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What is a common treatment for acute mountain sickness?
What is a common treatment for acute mountain sickness?
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Why do athletes experience increased blood lactate levels during exercise at high altitudes?
Why do athletes experience increased blood lactate levels during exercise at high altitudes?
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What type of performance response is most significantly affected by high altitudes?
What type of performance response is most significantly affected by high altitudes?
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What adaptation occurs in the blood volume as part of the acclimatization process?
What adaptation occurs in the blood volume as part of the acclimatization process?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with altitude sickness?
Which of the following conditions is associated with altitude sickness?
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What is one potential benefit of acclimatization to altitude for athletes?
What is one potential benefit of acclimatization to altitude for athletes?
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Study Notes
KINE 442 - Exercise Physiology
- Course information: KINE 442, Week 14, Lecture 1-3
Terminology
- Atmospheric/Barometric pressure: Pressure exerted by air above, dependent on altitude, different elevations
- Air Temperature: Current temperature of surrounding air, dependent on longitude, latitude, weather, season, and altitude
- Air Saturation/relative humidity: Percentage of water vapor in air
- Sea level atmospheric conditions: Standardized conditions of pressure and temperature (normobaric pressure of sea level, or 760 mm Hg, and 15°C)
- Altitude and fluid needs: Higher altitude → increased fluid needs
Standard Atmosphere of Earth
- Table 11-1 details atmospheric composition and partial pressures at sea level (dry air, 15°C)
- Nitrogen makes up 78.084% of atmosphere and has a partial pressure of 593.44 mm Hg
- Oxygen makes up 20.948% (approx. 21%) of atmosphere and has a partial pressure of 159.20 mm Hg
- Other gases: Argon (0.934%), Carbon Dioxide (0.031%), Other (0.003%).
Physical Zones of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: Surface of Earth to approximately 26-48,000 ft; contains most weather patterns; 80% of atmospheric mass
- Tropopause: Boundary up to 164,000 ft, transition to stratosphere, 99% of atmospheric mass lies below tropopause
- Stratosphere: 30-32 miles above tropopause
- Stratopause: Boundary before mesosphere
- Mesosphere: Between 30-50 miles in altitude
- Mesopause: Boundary before thermosphere
- Thermosphere: All atmosphere above mesosphere; temperature increases continuously with altitude
Physical Zones of Atmosphere and Temperature (Graph)
- Illustrates temperature variations with altitude for different atmospheric layers
Altitude and Pressure
- Hypobaric Pressure: Pressure below normal barometric pressure (below 760 mm Hg)
- Hyperbaric Pressure: Pressure above normal barometric pressure, use in hyperbaric chambers with high oxygen content for treating decompression sickness or carbon monoxide poisoning
- Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure exerted by a fluid (e.g., water on scuba diver)
- Lapse Rate: Approximately 2°C decrease in temperature per 1000 ft increase in altitude to 35,000 ft in the troposphere
Scientific Tenets for Physical Environment
- Dalton's Law: Total pressure of a mixture of gases is sum of partial pressures of each gas
- Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related at constant temperature
- Charles' Law: Volume of a gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature at constant pressure
- Henry's Law: Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to partial pressure of gas in equilibrium with liquid
Barometric Pressure
- Barometric pressure decreases as altitude increases
Physiological Zones of Atmosphere and Performance
- Table 11-2 outlines physiological zones based on altitude and pressure, with accompanying problems and solutions
- Physiologically deficient zone (0-10,000 ft)
- Space equivalent zone (above 50,000 ft)
- Adaptation needed to survive at extreme altitude, pressure suit, 100% supplemental O2 needed
Altitude Around the Globe
- Depicts present-day Earth topography, illustrating global altitude variations
Altitude Stress and Hypoxia
- Lecture 1.3: Altitude stress and hypoxia
- Hypoxia: Decrease in barometric pressure at altitude (hypobaric environment), reduces PO2, percentage of oxygen is relatively the same but total pressure decreases. Creates difficulty in body's ability to obtain oxygen, less efficient gas transportation
- Hypoxic hypoxia: Deficient in alveolar oxygenation
- Hypemic hypoxia: Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
- Stagnant hypoxia: Regional/systematic change in blood flow
- Histotoxic hypoxia: Cell's inability to use oxygen for metabolism.
Altitudes and Aerobic Performance Declines
- 700 m (2300 ft): Aerobic performance declines begin
- 1524 m (5000 ft): Becomes more obvious
- 2200 m(7217 ft): Significant decline
- Impaired oxygen consumption
- Impaired endurance performance
- Decline in oxidative metabolism
Altitude and Blood Oxygen Saturation
- Graph showing Alveolar PO2, venous Po2, and arterial Po2 at sea level and at different altitudes (10,000 ft, 18,000 ft, 22,000 ft)
Other Challenges with Altitude
- Increased cold
- Dehydration due to water vapor loss
- Increased solar radiation (Vitamin D production, sunburn, DNA damage, skin cancer)
Cardiovascular Responses to Altitude
- Increased resting heart rate to compensate for decreased stroke volume
- Decreased stroke volume and heart rate during high-intensity exercise, leading to decreased cardiac output and oxygen consumption
- Increased blood pressure to maintain adequate blood flow
Other Physiological Responses to Altitude
- Decreased maximal oxygen consumption, starting at around 2,200m
- Decrease in oxygen transport via lower hemoglobin saturation
- Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit
- Increased pulmonary ventilation
- Pulmonary diffusion maintained
- Increased catecholamines
- Increased blood lactate concentration
Pulmonary Ventilation Responses to Altitude
- Increased tidal volume at rest
- Increased ventilation during exercise
- Ventilation similar to sea level
- Body becomes alkaline (respiratory alkalosis) from increased ventilation; loss of CO2
- Compensations: Oxyhemoglobin curve shifts left and kidney excretes bicarbonate
Responses of Pulmonary Ventilation at Rest to PO2 (Graph)
- Illustrates decrease in resting ventilation as alveolar PO2 decreases at higher altitude
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
- Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit due to dehydration (acute) or increased red blood cell (RBC) production (chronic)
Metabolic and Performance Responses to Altitude
- Increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for submaximal workloads
- Increased blood lactate
- Increased reliance on carbohydrate metabolism (higher blood lactate)
- Relying on lipid metabolism at moderate altitudes for acclimatized individuals
Performance Responses
- Short-duration performance: Aerobic activities affected minimally
- Long-duration performance: Endurance reduced at altitude; adaptation to altitude (e.g., hemoglobin increase) can improve performance
Running Performances at Different Altitudes (Graphs)
- Illustrates that running speed is largely affected at altitudes >1000m for both men and women.
Altitude Sickness
- Pathological condition requiring medical attention due to reduced oxygen partial pressure
- Risk of pulmonary edema and high-altitude cerebral edema
- Treatment: Rest, removal from altitude
- Dehydration a potential complication
- Acetazolamine reduces side effects
Acclimatization/Acclimation
- Acclimatization: Adapting to natural environment
- Acclimation: Adapting to artificial environment (e.g., hypobaric chamber)
- Short-term adaptations (3–6 weeks): Increased EPO, RBC production, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume
- Long-term adaptations (≥ 3 months): Increased mitochondrial and capillary density, pulmonary diffusing capacity, mitochondrial and respiratory chain enzymes, cardiac output
- Live high, train low theory: Beneficial adaptations without harming training/performance
Theory to Practice
- People living at moderate altitudes better perform at high altitudes
- Some teams arrive early (18-24 hours) prior to competition to acclimatize
- Blood doping: Increasing RBCs (EPO, transfusion).
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in Exercise Physiology, particularly surrounding atmospheric conditions and their effects on physical performance. Topics include barometric pressure, air temperature, humidity, and sea level effects on fluid needs. Prepare to test your understanding of these crucial physiological concepts in relation to exercise in varying altitudes.
