Kidney as an Endocrine Organ and Adrenal Function
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Kidney as an Endocrine Organ and Adrenal Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythropoietin in the body?

  • Producing catecholamines in the adrenal gland
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Filtering waste products from the blood
  • Promoting erythropoiesis in the bone marrow (correct)

    • Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal gland?

  • Calcitriol
  • Aldosterone (correct)
  • Erythropoietin
  • Renin

    • What is the term for the production of red blood cells?

  • Erythropoiesis (correct)
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Thrombopoiesis
  • Osteogenesis

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

    <p>Regulation of thyroid function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for the production of erythropoietin?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is involved in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the system that regulates blood pressure?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Production of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitriol in the body?

    <p>It increases blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of calcitriol?

    <p>It binds to the calcitriol receptor and increases transcription of a gene encoding a calcium-binding protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do athletes use calcitriol illegally?

    <p>To enhance athletic performance by increasing calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitonin in the body?

    <p>It reduces blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>It increases blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of renin in the body?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of renin on blood pressure?

    <p>It increases blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect of calcitriol on bone?

    <p>It causes a net gain of calcium in bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in response to low blood pressure?

    <p>Release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of angiotensin I being cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)?

    <p>Production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on glomerular arterioles?

    <p>Efferent arterioles constrict more than afferent arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidney?

    <p>Increased reabsorption of Na+ and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II occur?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on the medulla of the kidney?

    <p>Increased NaCl concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) on Mineralcorticoids?

    <p>Inadequate production of mineralcorticoids, leading to salt loss and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the kidney in the body?

    <p>Endocrine function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adrenal hormones is involved in the production of sex steroids?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate mineralcorticoids in the body?

    <p>Salt loss and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the genetic disorder that results in over or under production of corticosteroids and sex steroids?

    <p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal gland in the body?

    <p>Production of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) on puberty?

    <p>Early puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the structure and function of the adrenal gland?

    <p>The structure of the adrenal gland determines its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of steroid hormones?

    <p>They can change the transcription of DNA in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Regulating glucose balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Aldosterone and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of androgens produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Converting into testosterone or estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the response mediated by catecholamines?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of catecholamines?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones regulates mineral balance?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between androgens and sex steroids?

    <p>Androgens are converted into sex steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney as an Endocrine Organ

    • Functions beyond filtration and reabsorption include hormone production.
    • Key hormones produced by the kidney: renin, erythropoietin, and calcitriol.
    • The adrenal glands, located atop the kidneys, also have significant endocrine functions.

    Erythropoietin

    • Synthesized mainly in the kidneys and secreted in response to hypoxia.
    • Promotes erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in bone marrow.
    • Binds to specific receptors on red blood cell progenitors, enhancing their proliferation and differentiation.

    Calcitriol (Vitamin D3)

    • Active metabolite of vitamin D3, requiring hydroxylation in the kidneys.
    • Elevates blood calcium levels by increasing intestinal absorption, renal reabsorption, and bone release of calcium.
    • Functions as a steroid hormone, acting intracellularly by binding to the calcitriol receptor, enhancing calcium-binding protein transcription.

    Renin

    • Secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney as a reaction to low blood pressure.
    • Cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, facilitating blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

    Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

    • Initiated when blood pressure drops, leading to renin release.
    • Angiotensinogen from the liver is converted to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II in the lungs.
    • Angiotensin II causes:
      • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, particularly constricting efferent arterioles more than afferent arterioles in the kidneys.
      • Increased reabsorption of sodium and water, mediated by aldosterone.

    Adrenal Hormones and Human Disease

    • Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) manage mineral balance. Conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) can lead to hormonal imbalances.
    • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) influence glucose balance, with implications during stress.
    • Androgens are involved in various sexual development processes and can affect fertility.
    • Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) mediate the physiological response to stress.

    Hormonal Impact on Calcium Homeostasis

    • Calcitonin, produced by thyroid glands, lowers plasma calcium levels when high.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted during low calcium levels, increasing calcium availability through increased intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption, complementing calcitriol's action.

    Summary of Key Endocrine Roles

    • The kidney plays a critical role in homeostatic control via hormone secretion, influencing blood pressure, red blood cell production, and calcium balance.
    • The adrenal glands contribute further through corticosteroids and catecholamines, regulating stress responses, metabolism, and electrolyte balance.

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    Description

    Learn about the kidney's role as an endocrine organ, including its function in producing hormones like erythropoietin and vitamin D3, and its relationship with the adrenal gland. Understand the renin-angiotensin system and its role in body system homeostasis.

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