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Keiser University Dr. Joseph Curione Pulmonary System Part 1: Breathing and Respiration
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Keiser University Dr. Joseph Curione Pulmonary System Part 1: Breathing and Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during normal breathing?

  • To pull the ribcage down and assist in forced expiration
  • To overcome the inwardly directed surface tension force in the alveoli during inspiration
  • To lift up the ribs during inspiration and account for up to 25% of normal tidal volume (correct)
  • To push the diaphragm upward and increase abdominal viscera pressure

    • What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during normal breathing?

  • To push the diaphragm upward and increase abdominal viscera pressure
  • To lift up the ribs during inspiration and account for up to 25% of normal tidal volume
  • To overcome the inwardly directed surface tension force in the alveoli during inspiration
  • To pull the ribcage down and assist in forced expiration (correct)

    • What is the normal range of diaphragm movement during deep breathing?

  • 15-20 cm
  • 1-2 cm
  • 3-6 cm
  • 7-13 cm (correct)

    • What percentage of normal tidal volume respiration is accounted for by the diaphragm?

    <p>60-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting the position of the diaphragm?

    <p>Lung compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surface tension in the alveoli during ventilation?

    <p>To create an inwardly directed force that must be overcome during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elastic recoil during ventilation?

    <p>To decrease the size of the alveoli during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of compliance during ventilation?

    <p>To determine the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Boyle's Law in ventilation?

    <p>To determine the relationship between pressure and volume changes in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm accounts for 75% of normal tidal volume respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal intercostal muscles assist in inspiration by pulling the ribcage up.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surface tension in the alveoli must be overcome to expand the lungs during each expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elastic recoil decreases the size of the alveoli during inspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of compliance is to increase the resistance of the lungs and thoracic wall to expansion.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external intercostal muscles are responsible for up to 25% of tidal volume that enters lungs during normal breathing at rest.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased abdominal muscle activity can push the diaphragm upward.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in a gas at constant temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thoracic viscera pressure, such as in congestive heart failure, is a minor factor affecting the position of the diaphragm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During deep breathing, the diaphragm moves within the range of 7-13cm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effects on diaphragm position:

    <p>Recoil of lungs = Helps with diaphragm movement during breathing Thoracic viscera pressure (e.g. CHF) = Minor factor affecting diaphragm position Abdominal viscera pressure (e.g. pregnancy) = Affects diaphragm position by pushing it upward Abdominal muscle activity = Pushes the diaphragm upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following muscle types with their functions in breathing:

    <p>External intercostal muscles = Responsible for lifting up the ribs during inspiration Internal intercostal muscles = Assist in expiration by pulling the ribcage down Diaphragm = Can be paralyzed and accounts for majority of tidal volume respiration Abdominal muscles = Contract to push the diaphragm upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their effects on ventilation:

    <p>Surface tension = Inwardly directed force in alveoli that must be overcome during inspiration Elastic recoil = Decreases alveoli size during expiration Compliance = Determines ease of lung and thoracic wall expansion Boyle's Law = Describes pressure-volume relationship in gas at constant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their accuracy:

    <p>The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle. = True - It can be paralyzed External intercostal muscles assist in inspiration by pulling the ribcage up. = False - They lift up the ribs during inspiration Compliance increases resistance of lungs and thoracic wall to expansion. = False - Compliance determines ease of expansion Elastic recoil decreases alveoli size during inspiration. = False - It decreases size during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with their correct terms:

    <p>Recoil of lungs, Thoracic viscera pressure, Abdominal muscle activity = Factors affecting diaphragm position Internal intercostal muscles, Abdominal muscles, Diaphragm = Muscles involved in breathing process Surface tension, Elastic recoil, Compliance = Terms related to ventilation mechanics Boyle's Law, Abdominal viscera pressure, Thoracic viscera pressure = Factors affecting lung volume changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major factors affecting the position of the diaphragm?

    <p>Recoil of lungs, thoracic viscera pressure, abdominal viscera pressure, abdominal muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of normal tidal volume respiration is accounted for by the diaphragm?

    <p>60-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles during normal breathing?

    <p>Assist in expiration by pulling the ribcage down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of diaphragm movement during deep breathing?

    <p>7-13cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surface tension in the alveoli during ventilation?

    <p>Inwardly directed force that must be overcome to expand the lungs during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elastic recoil during ventilation?

    <p>Decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Boyle's Law in ventilation?

    <p>Describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in a gas at constant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of compliance during ventilation?

    <p>Ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles during normal breathing?

    <p>Lift up the ribs during inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm is a __________ muscle

    <p>skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _________ intercostal muscles lift up the ribs during inspiration

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surface tension in the alveoli must be overcome to expand the lungs during each __________

    <p>expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm accounts for 60-75% of normal _________ volume respiration

    <p>tidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abdominal muscle activity, such as contraction, can push the diaphragm __________

    <p>upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _________ diaphragmatic pain is referred to the shoulder areas

    <p>sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During deep breathing, the diaphragm can move within the range of _________

    <p>7-13cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elastic recoil decreases the size of the alveoli during __________

    <p>expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of compliance is to increase the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be __________

    <p>expanded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _________ intercostal muscles assist in expiration by pulling the ribcage down

    <p>internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the ONLY intrinsic muscle of the larynx that lies outside the cartilaginous framework?

    <p>Cricothyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

    <p>Abducts the vocal cords and folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group acts as a 'purse-string sphincter' to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing?

    <p>Aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle(s) are responsible for tensing the vocal cords, producing high-pitched sounds?

    <p>Cricothyroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary blood supply to the larynx?

    <p>Superior laryngeal artery from the external carotid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle(s) are responsible for relaxing the vocal folds?

    <p>Thyroarytenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for gas exchange from the alveoli into the blood?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveolar pores (pores of Kohn) in the alveoli?

    <p>To allow for collateral ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of parasympathetic innervation on the airways?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>To prevent alveolar collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in ventilation and perfusion between the right and left lungs?

    <p>The right lung receives 60% of the cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>To prevent friction between the lungs and thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the inferior laryngeal nerve?

    <p>Inferior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the innervation of the larynx?

    <p>Provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mucociliary escalator mechanism in the trachea?

    <p>To remove contaminated mucus by swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bronchial circulation in the lungs?

    <p>To provide blood supply to the bronchial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the terminal bronchioles in the respiratory system?

    <p>To have a relatively thick smooth muscle wall compared to the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the carina in the trachea?

    <p>To divide the trachea into primary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phrenic nerves in relation to the diaphragm?

    <p>To innervate the diaphragm, allowing for contraction and relaxation during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the diaphragmatic foramina is correct?

    <p>All of the above statements are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the right phrenic nerve is damaged, what percentage of the diaphragm's function would be compromised?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difference in the positions of the right and left hemidiaphragms?

    <p>The heart pushes the left hemidiaphragm down, while the liver raises the right hemidiaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would result from an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Empyema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between surface tension and ventilation?

    <p>Surface tension is an inwardly directed force in the alveoli that must be overcome during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between elastic recoil and ventilation?

    <p>Elastic recoil decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major factor affecting the position of the diaphragm?

    <p>Atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of compliance during ventilation?

    <p>Compliance increases the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the internal intercostal muscles during normal breathing?

    <p>The internal intercostal muscles assist in expiration by pulling the ribcage down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the external intercostal muscles during normal breathing at rest?

    <p>The external intercostal muscles are responsible for up to 25% of tidal volume that enters the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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