Challenge and Change Exam

The study of human behavior, societies, and their cultures.

The study of behavior and mental processes.

The study of societies, patterns of social interactions, and the culture of everyday life.

The study of people and their culture.

The study of how society can improve by understanding human behavior.

A branch of psychology that explores how our thoughts, perceptions, and problem-solving skills develop and change over time.

A branch of psychology that studies the impact of social influences on individual behavior and attitudes, including topics like group dynamics and conformity.

A branch of psychology that focuses on the core dimensions of personality, including traits, motivations, and how they change over a person's lifetime.

The sociological perspective helps us see beyond individual experiences to understand how larger societal forces shape our lives. It encourages us to question common assumptions and look for patterns in social phenomena.

Functionalism views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Each part serves a specific function to ensure the system's overall equilibrium.

Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how individuals create and interpret shared meanings through social interactions. This perspective emphasizes the role of symbols, language, and gestures in shaping social reality.

Neo-Marxism examines how power and inequality are structured within society. It focuses on the ways that economic systems, social institutions, and power structures shape social relations and perpetuate social divisions.

Psychologists study how individuals think, feel, and behave, exploring the underlying mental processes and factors that influence our actions.

Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious motives and early childhood experiences, focusing on how these shape personality and behavior. Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning, ignoring internal mental states. Learning theory investigates how individuals acquire new knowledge and skills through observation, reinforcement, and other learning processes.

Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort we experience when our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors clash. To reduce this discomfort, we may change our beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to align them better.

Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort you feel when your beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors clash. To reduce this discomfort, you can: 1. Change your beliefs or attitude to align with your behavior. 2. Change your behavior to align with your beliefs and attitudes. 3. Find ways to justify your behavior by minimizing the conflict between your beliefs and your actions. 4. Ignore the inconsistency and continue to hold onto the conflicting ideas.

We can influence and modify behaviour using the three theories by understanding the underlying motivations and learning mechanisms involved. For example, we can use psychoanalytic principles to help individuals access and address unconscious conflicts driving their behavior. Behaviourism can be applied to modify behavior through systematic reinforcement or punishment. Learning theory can enhance learning and skill development through guided practice, feedback, and modelling effective behaviour.

Anthropologists examine and compare living cultures and peoples, focusing on material objects, acceptable norms, and behaviors.

Anthropologists study the social organization of living peoples, particularly kinship, parentage, and ancestry.

Anthropologists explore the evolution of humans, often drawing connections to related sciences like biology and genetics.

A theoretical perspective that seeks to uncover the underlying structures and patterns that shape human thought, behavior, and social institutions.

Structuralists believe that all cultures develop complex rules about what is considered good or bad, and that anthropologists must seek out and explain these rules.

The accumulation of knowledge over time, especially through advancements in science and technology, leads to new ways of doing things and social change. For example, the development and widespread adoption of televisions in the 1950s changed how families interacted with each other and consumed media.

The spread of a new idea or invention in a society, like a new fashion trend, technology, or slang word. It can be influenced by who adopts it (popularity, influence) and who promotes it (trust, admiration).

Groups of people with similar beliefs tend to be more honest and open in their communication. This creates a feedback loop where shared beliefs and values become reinforced and solidified.

The spread of false or misleading information can have a significant impact on social change, influencing people's beliefs, actions, and even political outcomes. It can manipulate public opinion, erode trust, and hinder progress on important issues.

The process of making people more resistant to misinformation by exposing them to weak versions of misinformation and providing counter-arguments. This helps people build their critical thinking skills and become less susceptible to manipulation.

The process of how cultural practices, beliefs, and values are passed down from one generation to the next, shaping societies.

The rapid exchange of ideas and cultural practices across geographical boundaries due to the internet and related technologies.

The potential for conflict when different cultures interact, especially when one perceives a threat from the other.

The idea that, historically, human societies have more often preferred trade and exchange of ideas rather than direct confrontation.

The immense and unprecedented speed of change in human societies due to the internet and its impact on communication and cultural exchange.

A theory stating that all societies progress through predictable stages of development, starting from traditional to modern forms.

The adoption of scientific methods and technology is crucial for a society to transition from a traditional to a modern economy.

The process of transferring knowledge and technology from developed countries to developing ones, aiming to accelerate their development.

Modernization theory often overlooks the potential complexities and impacts of rapid change on existing social structures and cultural values.

Modernization theory views science and technology as a tool for achieving economic growth and improving the lives of people in developing nations.

Acculturation refers to when a culture is introduced to a new culture but doesn't lose its original identity. Instead of fully merging, it adopts and adapts elements from the new culture while retaining aspects of its own.

Assimilation involves the complete integration of a new culture into a dominant society, leading to the loss of heritage and traditions. It often results in the adoption of new values, behaviors, and beliefs.

Syncretism occurs when two distinct cultures blend together to form a new and unique cultural identity. This fusion involves the merging of beliefs, practices, and traditions.

Cultural resistance often manifests as opposition or rejection of new cultural influences, aiming to preserve traditional values, practices, and beliefs.

Diffusion refers to the spread of cultural elements, such as ideas, practices, or technologies, from one group to another, contributing to cultural change and diversity.

Socialization is the process of learning the norms, values, and behaviors of a society. It shapes our understanding of the world and influences how we interact with others.

Agents of socialization are individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us norms, values, and behaviors. These influences can range from family and friends to schools and workplaces, and they play a crucial role in shaping our identities.

Social norms are expected behaviors in a particular society or group. They can vary greatly across cultures, regions, and even different social groups. Understanding these norms helps us navigate social interactions and avoid misunderstandings.

Socialization can reinforce existing social structures and norms, making it challenging to bring about change. It can also act as a platform for social change by promoting new ideas and behaviors.

The case of Genie demonstrates the impact of socialization on development. Deprived of social interaction and language learning opportunities during critical periods, Genie displayed significant cognitive and linguistic impairments, highlighting the crucial role of socialization in developing human potential.

The tendency for individuals to conform to group pressure, even when they disagree with the group's opinion.

The methods used to regulate and restrain the intensity and scope of social change. These controls can be formal or informal.

A form of social influence where an individual's behavior is influenced by the behavior of others. It can be seen in automatic mimicry and conformity.

A social phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to make more extreme decisions than they would individually.

The psychological state where individuals feel less accountable and more likely to engage in deviant behavior within a group.

The use of vigorous campaigning to create social or political change.

Online activism offers a global reach, low cost, easy engagement with youth, and multimedia opportunities. It facilitates cooperation among like-minded individuals and promotes branding and publicity.

Anti-hate websites provide resources and information to combat hate speech and discrimination.

Jigsaw activities involve dividing participants into groups, each exploring a specific resource, then reforming new groups with representatives from each original group to share their findings. This fosters collaboration and knowledge exchange.

Online activism is particularly effective in reaching younger audiences, who are more likely to be engaged with digital platforms and online content.

A type of thinking where individuals believe in secret plans or conspiracies that often lack credible evidence.

Techniques aimed at reducing or counteracting the belief in conspiracy theories.

Providing people with factual information and counterarguments to challenge conspiracy claims.

Educating people about how to identify and evaluate evidence critically, helping them to spot misleading information.

Warning people about specific conspiracy theories before they encounter them, potentially reducing their susceptibility to them.

Traditions, beliefs, and values passed down across generations within a society, often playing a protective role against rapid social change.

The ability of individuals to adapt to changing social norms and values, especially those who struggle to keep up with the pace of change.

The influence of powerful individuals or groups who can promote or resist social change, depending on their goals and motivations.

The state of feeling lost or disoriented due to rapid social change, often experienced by individuals who struggle to keep up with the pace of development.

The deliberate actions of individuals or groups to maintain the existing social order and resist significant change.

The feeling of not meeting your own expectations and perceptions of income, even if basic needs are met.

A standard of living where individuals can afford basic necessities but cannot reach the average standard of living in their society.

The impact of poverty on health outcomes can include malnutrition, increased risk of infectious diseases, and reduced access to healthcare.

Poverty can lead to increased crime rates, as individuals may resort to criminal activities to meet basic needs or cope with desperation.

Poverty can contribute to modern slavery by forcing individuals into exploitative labor conditions due to limited economic opportunities and desperation.

A severe lack of basic necessities like food, clean water, safe housing, and healthcare.

Experiences of poverty, like homelessness or lacking basic needs, that are concentrated in specific geographic areas.

The purchase and use of products to make a social statement about status, often involving luxury items.

The interconnectedness of poverty's effects and causes, forming a challenging-to-break cycle of disadvantage.

The perception of being worse off than others, even with sufficient resources, causing emotional stress and impacting mental health.

The use of vigorous campaigning to bring about social or political change.

A system where people are ranked into different levels based on factors like wealth, income, and power, creating unequal access to resources and opportunities.

This theory believes that social stratification is beneficial because it rewards those who perform important roles in society, like doctors or teachers.

This theory argues that social stratification disadvantages most people and benefits a select few, creating conflict between those who own the means of production and those who work for them.

This theory focuses on how people interact based on their social standing and how those interactions shape social life.

The idea that consumerism affects the environment and society in various ways, often negatively.

The over-representation of Indigenous people in the Canadian criminal justice system (CJS), particularly within prisons.

A system that disproportionately pushes students of colour into the criminal justice system, starting with school disciplinary actions and escalating to incarceration. It involves factors like racial bias, inadequate resources, and harsh school policies.

A form of teaching that incorporates students' cultural backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives into the curriculum, making learning more relevant and engaging.

The disproportionate involvement of children of colour in the child welfare system, often stemming from systemic biases and socioeconomic disparities.

The tendency for Indigenous individuals to be both overrepresented as perpetrators and victims of crime, highlighting the complex interplay of systemic inequalities and historical trauma.

The percentage of people who re-offend after being released from prison or after committing a crime.

The idea that different social factors, like race, gender, or socioeconomic status, can overlap and create unique experiences of disadvantage and discrimination.

Specialized courts and programs designed to address the needs of offenders with mental health and substance abuse problems, aiming to reduce recidivism and provide alternatives to traditional justice systems.

The overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the criminal justice system, from arrest to incarceration, often linked to factors like poverty, social disadvantage, and systemic discrimination.

A significant percentage of offences are committed by a small group of repeat offenders, posing a challenge for criminal justice systems and highlighting the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies.

This quote argues that individuals and nations can be more complex than their worst actions. It challenges the tendency to define someone solely by their most negative act, suggesting that everyone has the potential for change and growth.

This quote emphasizes that viewing people and nations as individuals with potential for redemption is crucial for progress and survival. It highlights the importance of compassion, acknowledging past wrongs, and seeking common ground.

Peltier argues that viewing people as statistics can be dehumanizing and ignores their unique experiences. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the individual stories and struggles of those affected by injustice.

The speaker describes a historical pattern of actions by the nation that he believes constitutes crimes against humanity, despite attempts to present a different image to the world. This highlights the complex relationship between national identity and past actions.

The quote emphasizes the need for individual and collective responsibility in acknowledging past wrongs and striving towards a more just future. It suggests that ignoring historical injustices can lead to continued harm.

The quote argues that prisons don't solve societal issues like homelessness, unemployment, and mental health, but rather hide them by isolating individuals in cages.

The quote criticizes the current system of incarceration, suggesting it creates a caste system where individuals are unfairly labeled as criminals and marginalized.

The quote suggests that focusing on rehabilitation, addressing the root causes of crime, and creating opportunities for reintegration into society would be more effective than solely relying on punishment.

The quote highlights the complex relationship between crime and punishment, emphasizing the need to move beyond simplistic notions of punishment and consider underlying causes.

The quote emphasizes the need for a shift in thinking about social problems, encouraging a move away from simple solutions like imprisonment and toward a focus on rehabilitation and systemic change.

Demography is the scientific study of populations, analyzing factors like size, growth, movement, density, and composition. It explores how these characteristics change over time and their impacts on society, economy, and the environment.

Demography is widely used in various fields like marketing, social planning, and human resources. It helps understand consumer trends, predict population changes, and plan for future needs.

Psychologists might study demographics to understand their patients and tailor research, education, and treatment based on the population's characteristics. For example, an aging population might require focus on age-related mental health concerns.

Anthropologists might use demography to understand cultural behaviors by analyzing population characteristics and their influence on societal dynamics. It helps explain why cultures behave in specific ways.

Social Stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of individuals and groups in society based on factors like wealth, income, and power. This creates unequal access to resources and opportunities.

The rate at which a population grows, determined by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

A society's basic unit of social activity, studied by sociologists and anthropologists for its structure and roles.

The sociological perspective uses demographic data to understand the causes, obstacles, and results of societal changes.

A measure of how many births occur per 100 people in a population.

The period after World War II when a large number of babies were born in Canada.

A generation born in the years after the Baby Boom, often characterized as independent and tech-savvy.

A group of late Baby Boomers, born in the years 1961-1981, who were often seen as not fitting in with the larger Baby Boomer generation.

The social changes that occurred in Canada during and after the Baby Boom.

Generation Z, also known as Zoomers, are individuals born between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s, characterized by their tech-savvy nature, reliance on the internet, and a preference for visual information.

Gen Zers have grown up immersed in digital technology and often prefer text-based communication over face-to-face interactions, demonstrating their comfort with virtual environments.

Gen Zers are known for their ability to multitask and process information quickly, which allows them to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.

Gen Zers are highly concerned about environmental issues and prioritize sustainable and healthy lifestyles, showing a strong commitment to social responsibility.

Gen Zers value independence and self-reliance, often pursuing entrepreneurial ventures and taking control of their financial future.

Gen Zers are the first generation to have grown up with the internet and social media, leading to increased reliance on these platforms for information and connection.

The school-to-prison pipeline refers to the disproportionate number of students of color who are pushed out of school and into the juvenile justice system, often due to zero-tolerance policies, harsh discipline, and racial bias.

Culturally relevant pedagogy is a teaching approach that incorporates students' cultural backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives into the curriculum, making learning more meaningful and engaging, and ensuring that all students feel validated and respected.

This generation, born between 1980 and 1995, is known as the 'echo' of the Baby Boomers due to their large population and being the children of Baby Boomers.

Influenced by global events like 9/11 and Columbine, this generation embraces technology like Facebook and Twitter. They also emphasize civic responsibility, such as concerning themselves with environmental issues.

They value experiences over work, social causes, flexibility, and diversity. They are generally optimistic and confident, embracing global citizenship.

This generation, born between 1995 and present, differs from previous generations with their digital fluency and diverse perspectives.

This theory argues that social stratification benefits those who perform essential societal roles, such as doctors or teachers, creating a system where rewards are proportional to contributions.

This theory argues that social stratification disadvantages many and benefits a select few, creating conflict between those who own the means of production and those who work for them.

This theory focuses on how people interact based on their social standing, shaping social life. Individuals use symbols and interpretations to navigate their social world.

Treating normal differences of opinion as confrontational or insubordinate when racialized persons are involved.

Inappropriate treatment of people due to their actual or perceived group membership. It can be overt or subtle, including microaggressions.

A statement, action, or incident that indirectly, subtly, or unintentionally discriminates against marginalized groups.

Policies or practices that appear neutral but have discriminatory effects on individuals based on Code grounds.

Patterns of behavior, policies, or practices within an organization that create relative disadvantage based on Code grounds.

Prejudice is a strong discrimination and or negative feelings held by someone about another person or group.

These types of attitudes can be expressed as "isms" (ageism, sexism, racism, etc.) and refer to a way of thinking about other persons based on negative stereotypes about race, age, sex, etc.

When people are stereotyped, all people in the group are given the same characteristics, regardless of their individual differences.

"Isms" refer mainly to attitudes, while discrimination involves actions.

An example is treating someone in an unequal way due to one of the grounds listed in the Code.

While racism, sexism, etc.will not always lead to discrimination under the Code, they are often the cause of discrimination and harassment.

Social change refers to changes in social structures, social institutions, and social behavior over time.

Negative attitudes, bias, and stereotypes can hinder social change by creating barriers to understanding and cooperation.

A type of discrimination that is based on a person's gender. It can be direct, such as a workplace refusing to hire women who want to start a family, or subtle, such as being excluded from informal social events.

One of the key concepts in understanding prejudice and discrimination. It suggests that people may discriminate against others based on their perceived group affiliation, even if they have no personal experience of discrimination.

A study conducted in 1948 by S.L. Wax that demonstrated discrimination against Jewish people by sending out letters requesting reservations at summer resorts in Ontario. The study found that resorts were more likely to offer reservations to letters signed with a non-Jewish name.

A type of discrimination against Jewish people. It often involves prejudice, stereotypes, and hate crimes. It can be manifested in both overt and subtle forms.