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Questions and Answers
Which behavior is most characteristic of individuals with the Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation of ADHD?
Which behavior is most characteristic of individuals with the Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation of ADHD?
Which statement accurately reflects the gender distribution for the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD?
Which statement accurately reflects the gender distribution for the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD?
Which of the following symptoms is indicative of the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD?
Which of the following symptoms is indicative of the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD?
What is the average age at which ADHD is typically diagnosed?
What is the average age at which ADHD is typically diagnosed?
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Which of the following factors is considered a potential risk factor for developing ADHD?
Which of the following factors is considered a potential risk factor for developing ADHD?
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Which symptom characterizes both types of ADHD despite their different presentations?
Which symptom characterizes both types of ADHD despite their different presentations?
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What is a characteristic behavior for individuals diagnosed with ADHD regarding task management?
What is a characteristic behavior for individuals diagnosed with ADHD regarding task management?
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What is a significant risk factor for children developing ADHD-related issues?
What is a significant risk factor for children developing ADHD-related issues?
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Which of the following comorbidities is most frequently observed in children with ADHD?
Which of the following comorbidities is most frequently observed in children with ADHD?
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What consequence is significantly more likely for teenagers with ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation?
What consequence is significantly more likely for teenagers with ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation?
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Which brain regions show delayed growth in individuals with ADHD?
Which brain regions show delayed growth in individuals with ADHD?
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Which of the following factors is not listed as a risk factor for developing ADHD?
Which of the following factors is not listed as a risk factor for developing ADHD?
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What condition is noted to affect about 25-40% of children with the Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation of ADHD?
What condition is noted to affect about 25-40% of children with the Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation of ADHD?
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Children with ADHD who experience frequent changes in their home environment are at a higher risk for what?
Children with ADHD who experience frequent changes in their home environment are at a higher risk for what?
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What is a potential behavior that may be observed in individuals with ADHD regarding their perception of time?
What is a potential behavior that may be observed in individuals with ADHD regarding their perception of time?
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Which of the following is least associated with the comorbid conditions typically found in individuals with ADHD?
Which of the following is least associated with the comorbid conditions typically found in individuals with ADHD?
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Which of these differences in brain function is commonly associated with ADHD?
Which of these differences in brain function is commonly associated with ADHD?
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What is a common initial side effect of stimulant medication used to treat ADHD?
What is a common initial side effect of stimulant medication used to treat ADHD?
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The sustained use of high doses of stimulant drugs for ADHD may lead to which of the following consequences?
The sustained use of high doses of stimulant drugs for ADHD may lead to which of the following consequences?
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What is the effect of prescribed stimulants on the risk of substance abuse in individuals with ADHD?
What is the effect of prescribed stimulants on the risk of substance abuse in individuals with ADHD?
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Which medication is mentioned as a psychostimulant most commonly used for treating ADHD?
Which medication is mentioned as a psychostimulant most commonly used for treating ADHD?
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What is a feature of 'sensory screen' in the context of ADHD?
What is a feature of 'sensory screen' in the context of ADHD?
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An individual with ADHD may also experience which of the following conditions that can mimic ADHD symptoms?
An individual with ADHD may also experience which of the following conditions that can mimic ADHD symptoms?
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What is one behavior commonly exhibited by adults with ADHD?
What is one behavior commonly exhibited by adults with ADHD?
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Which ADHD treatment option is recognized as an abuse-deterrent formulation among high-risk patients?
Which ADHD treatment option is recognized as an abuse-deterrent formulation among high-risk patients?
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ADHD symptoms in adults can lead to difficulties in which of the following areas?
ADHD symptoms in adults can lead to difficulties in which of the following areas?
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How does the male to female ratio of ADHD diagnoses change by adulthood?
How does the male to female ratio of ADHD diagnoses change by adulthood?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an unproven treatment for ADHD?
Which of the following is NOT considered an unproven treatment for ADHD?
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An adult with ADHD is likely to struggle with waiting in which of the following situations?
An adult with ADHD is likely to struggle with waiting in which of the following situations?
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What trait is often associated with individuals who have ADHD?
What trait is often associated with individuals who have ADHD?
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What distinguishes the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD from the other types?
What distinguishes the Predominantly Inattentive Presentation of ADHD from the other types?
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Which of the following statements about the prevalence of ADHD is true?
Which of the following statements about the prevalence of ADHD is true?
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What are potential consequences of untreated ADHD?
What are potential consequences of untreated ADHD?
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Which brain differences are commonly associated with ADHD?
Which brain differences are commonly associated with ADHD?
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Which management strategy is generally considered most effective for ADHD?
Which management strategy is generally considered most effective for ADHD?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychopathology
- Text copyright 2014, 2020, 2023 by Alan J. Fridlund, Ph.D.
- All rights reserved
- Content may be downloaded for personal use by UCSB Psych 183 students.
- Commercial reproduction prohibited without permission.
- Violates U.C. regulations and DMCA.
Notice (Page 2)
- All course materials (lectures, discussions, handouts, exams, web materials) are protected by U.S. federal copyright law and California civil code.
- Recording lectures or distributing/selling course materials without permission is prohibited.
- Students may take notes for personal educational use.
- Exceptions for accommodations for disabilities may be granted with appropriate documentation.
- Completing and selling study guides is forbidden.
- Text approved by UC General Counsel.
- Personal copies of slides are permitted for personal use in Psych 183.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Historical diagnoses included attention-deficit disorder (ADD) and childhood hyperactivity.
- DSM-5-TR classifies ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder.
- ADHD diagnosis requires symptoms present before age 12.
- Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (Fidgeters)
- Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (Dreamers)
- Combined Presentation
ADHD - Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
- Frequent fidgeting and squirming
- Leaving seats inappropriately
- Difficulty sitting still
- Running or climbing excessively
- Difficulty with quiet activities
- Constant "on the go" feeling
- Excessive talking
- Blurt out answers before questions are complete
- Difficulty waiting turns
- Interrupting others
ADHD - Prevalence + Risk Factors
- ADHD found across all cultures and socioeconomic backgrounds
- Worldwide prevalence of ADHD is approximately 7% in preadolescents (range 1–20%)
- Average age of diagnosis is 7 years old.
- CDC reports ~6-11% of American children are diagnosed.
- Diagnosis ratio of Male:Female is 3:1 to 9:1 predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation and for predominantly inattentive presentation it is F > M
- Possible genetic link (0.5 MZ and 0.4 DZ twins)
- Higher rates in children with:
- prenatal complications, premature birth, low birth weight
- Mothers who drank and/or smoked during pregnancy
- High anxiety during pregnancy weeks 12-22
- High blood lead levels
- Frequent residential changes, divorced or irresponsible parents
- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Consequences of ADHD
- Poor school grades and conduct
- Comorbidities (co-occurring conditions):
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Learning disabilities in ~20% of students with ADHD
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Mood disorders (e.g., major depression) in 10-30% of children with ADHD.
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Anxiety disorders in 25% of children with ADHD.
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Conduct disorder, delinquency, and/or drug abuse in 25–40% of children with ADHD (predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation).
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Teenagers with ADHD (hyperactive-impulsive presentation) are more likely to have accidents, lose jobs, become pregnant, develop STDs, commit arson, or run away from home (~50% of imprisoned felons have untreated ADHD).
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Up to 80% of ADHD children retain symptoms into adulthood
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Only about 5% of college students with untreated ADHD graduate.
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What Differs in the Brains of ADHD People
- People with ADHD show 3-5 year delays in brain growth, particularly in the frontal lobes.
- These areas are involved in attention, impulse control, and movement initiation/perception.
Major Theories About ADHD Brain Differences
- Under-activation of prefrontal areas of the brain.
- Abnormally low dopamine activity with deformations in basal ganglia areas.
- Possible "sensory screen."
- Differences in sensing the passage of time.
Bipolar Disorder, Conduct Disorder and other Comorbid Conditions with ADHD
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50-90% of adults with ADHD also have at least one other mental health condition.
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Conditions like conduct or oppositional-defiant disorders.
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Mood disorders or depressive conditions
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Specific learning disorders
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Tourette’s syndrome.
ADHD Treatment: Medication
- Psychostimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall, Vyvanse) for 70-80% effectiveness.
- Stimulants may unmask tic disorders (e.g., Tourette's syndrome). Initial side effects: insomnia, headaches and Nausea
- Sustained use of stimulants can result in shorter stature at high doses but alleviated with drug breaks.
- Stimulant use can lower the rate of substance abuse in ADHD.
- Non-stimulant alternatives (e.g., Wellbutrin, Strattera, Provigil) typically less effective. Medication used cautiously in patients with risks of anxiety or hypomania.
Psychostimulants in the Classroom and Home ADHD Management
- School and home environment structure and routines.
- Consistent daily schedules
- Tasks broken into smaller chunks
- Clear rewards, punishments such as time-outs, and withdrawal of privileges.
- Reduction of distractions.
- Relaxation strategies including mindfulness, yoga, and muscle relaxation.
Is ADHD Overdiagnosed
- Ritalin sales have increased 700% since 1991
- Some manufacturers have contributed millions to ADHD support groups.
- More than one out of every 30 Americans aged 5–19 have a psychostimulant prescription.
- Prevalence differs significantly between states.
- Evidence suggests ADHD is not over-diagnosed.
Is There a Psychostimulant Epidemic
- Graph shows a significant increase in US amphetamine and methylphenidate use over time.
Are Psychostimulants Dangerous
- Non-prescribed Ritalin use is common among high school and college students.
- May be shared among students at high costs.
- BUT, experiments have mixed results regarding whether psychostimulants improve memory and learning.
- Can heighten psychosis and paranoia with long-term, high doses.
- Some use stimulants to consume more alcohol, a risky practice.
- Potential for abuse or dependence ranges from 10–15%.
- Intranasal snorting or intravenous injection is potentially lethal.
- Prescribed use in good health is generally safe and effective.
Unproven ADHD Treatments
- EEG biofeedback
- Elimination diets (sugar, food dyes)
- Nutritional supplements
Adult ADHD
- Prevalence is about 4% of the U.S. adult population.
- Up to 70% of children with ADHD retain some symptoms into adulthood (~20% retain full disorder).
- Adult ADHD ratio approaches 1:1 (male to female). This likely due to maturation of hyperactive-impulsive ADHD in males.
- Increasing diagnosis in females.
Frequent Manifestations of Adult ADHD
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Preference for highly stimulating environments
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Frequent changes in television/radio stations.
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Difficulty in lines and waiting periods.
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Tendency to tune out in conversations or intimate moments.
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Difficulty with controlling remarks ("blurt" out).
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Frequent display of "intuitive" and "novel" problem-solving approaches.
Is ADHD a Gift? Probable ADHD'ers
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List of famous individuals associated with ADHD characteristics
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A proposition that ADHD can lead individuals to be unconventional thinkers and creators due to their traits.
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Description
Explore the psychological concepts surrounding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in this introductory quiz based on the coursework of Psych 183. Understand historical diagnoses and crucial aspects of psychopathology related to ADHD. Perfect for students diving into the complexities of mental health.
