Introduction to PROLOG Programming Lab 2
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Questions and Answers

How can the fact 'elephant is bigger than horse' be represented in predicate logic?

  • elephant > horse
  • elephant.bigger(horse)
  • bigger(elephant, horse) (correct)
  • isBigger(elephant, horse)

    • What predicate representation correctly indicates that Mohammed likes fish?

  • likes(mohammed, fish) (correct)
  • love(mohammed, fish)
  • prefer(mohammed, fish)
  • enjoy(mohammed, fish)

    • Which of the following correctly describes what 'owns(gamal, gold)' implies?

  • Gamal dislikes gold.
  • Gamal trades gold.
  • Gamal has possession of gold. (correct)
  • Gamal appreciates gold.

    • What is the primary ethnic identity of the peoples from North African countries?

    <p>Arab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects an accurate interpretation of the operations represented by 'likes' and 'owns'?

    <p>Owns expresses a possession relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the roots of American peoples is accurate?

    <p>They are mainly of Sam descent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of converting facts into predicates?

    <p>To facilitate reasoning about the facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What religious affiliation is common among the peoples from North African countries?

    <p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality between the roots of the North African and Gulf peoples?

    <p>Both are primarily Arab.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the origins of Gulf peoples?

    <p>They have no religious identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the comparison 1 + 2 = 2 + 1 in PROLOG?

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the statement 1 + A = B + 2, if A = 2, what is the value of B?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the comparison operator = ot equal (=ackslash=) check for?

    <p>Whether two values are not equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To check if a year is a leap year in PROLOG, which of the following conditions is typically checked?

    <p>If the year is divisible by both 100 and 400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a true statement in PROLOG?

    <p>It can be derived from logical operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a FACT in PROLOG?

    <p>An assertion that is considered true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be constructed in PROLOG?

    <p>Facts, rules, and queries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of PROLOG, what is a RULE?

    <p>A logical statement that defines relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PROLOG handle ARITHMETIC OPERATORS?

    <p>Uses symbols similar to those in other programming languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is incorrect about QUERIES in PROLOG?

    <p>They are primarily used for asserting truths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true based on the comparisons provided?

    <p>Horse is bigger than monkey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is the smallest based on the provided information?

    <p>Dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If X is bigger than Y and Y is bigger than Z, which of the following is NOT a valid conclusion?

    <p>Z is bigger than X.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly represents the relationships among horse, donkey, and monkey?

    <p>Donkey is bigger than monkey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the relationships established by the comparisons?

    <p>Horse &gt; Donkey &gt; Monkey &gt; Dog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the people described in the content?

    <p>Their roots in American countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the people described?

    <p>They are Muslims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach do the people use to address various issues?

    <p>Applying facts and rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the people is true?

    <p>They come from American countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect emphasizes the nature of the problems these individuals solve?

    <p>The representation of facts and rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to PROLOG Programming (LAB 2)

    • PROLOG programming involves representing facts, rules, and queries.
    • Constants and variables are used.
    • Facts, rules, and queries are used to solve problems.
    • Operators (arithmetic and comparison) are part of PROLOG.

    Representing Facts, Rules, and Queries

    • PROLOG programs consist of facts, rules, and queries.
    • Facts are statements that are asserted to be true.
    • Rules allow for the inference of new knowledge from existing facts and rules.
    • Queries are questions to be answered based on facts and rules.

    Constants & Variables

    • Constants are names that begin with lowercase letters.
    • Names of relationships are constants.
    • Variables take the place of constants in facts.
    • Variables begin with uppercase letters.

    Solving Problems using Facts and Rules

    • Example using facts to represent information about likes and ownership.

      • Hind likes mango
      • Fatima is a girl.
      • Rose is red.
      • Mohammed likes fish.
      • Gamal owns gold.

    • Representing facts as predicates:

      • likes(hind, mango).
      • girl(fatima).
      • red(rose).
      • likes(mohammed, fish).
      • owns(gamal, gold).

    Representing Relationships

    • Facts and predicates are used to represent relationships. Country examples:

      • Sudan is a north African country.
      • Egypt is a north African country.
      • USA is a north American country.
      • KSA is a Gulf country.
      • Qatar is a Gulf country.
      • France is European country.
      • Pakistan is Asian country.

    • Additional country examples include India, Canada, and relationships of north african roots, Gulf roots, & American roots using predicates.

    Tests within Clauses

    • When asking a question in PROLOG, the interpreter aims to prove the statement's truth.
    • true indicates the statement can be proven.
    • false means the proof failed because the statement isn't true or the program is flawed.
    • Error indicates a problem with the question or program.
    • *nothing* signifies an infinite loop.

    Arithmetic Operators

    • Operators like +, -, *, /, ^ (power), and mod (modulus) are used for various arithmetic operations within PROLOG.

    • Example using arithmetic operators in a program:

      • calc :- X is 100 + 200, write('100 + 200 is'), write(X), nl…

    Comparison Operators

    • Operators like >, <, >=, <=, =:= (equal), and == (not equal) are used for comparisons in PROLOG.

    • Example using comparison operators:

      • ?- 1+2=:=2+1. (evaluates to true)
      • ?- 1+2=2+1. (evaluates to false)

    • Example of creating a leap year checker in PROLOG:

      • leap_check(Year) :- Year mod 4 =:= 0, Year mod 100 =:= 0, Year mod 400 =:= 0.

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    Introduction to PROLOG Programming LAB (2) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of PROLOG programming, focusing on the representation of facts, rules, and queries. It includes topics such as constants, variables, and problem-solving using PROLOG. Test your understanding of these essential components in this interactive quiz.

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