Podcast
Questions and Answers
How can the fact 'elephant is bigger than horse' be represented in predicate logic?
How can the fact 'elephant is bigger than horse' be represented in predicate logic?
What predicate representation correctly indicates that Mohammed likes fish?
What predicate representation correctly indicates that Mohammed likes fish?
Which of the following correctly describes what 'owns(gamal, gold)' implies?
Which of the following correctly describes what 'owns(gamal, gold)' implies?
What is the primary ethnic identity of the peoples from North African countries?
What is the primary ethnic identity of the peoples from North African countries?
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Which statement reflects an accurate interpretation of the operations represented by 'likes' and 'owns'?
Which statement reflects an accurate interpretation of the operations represented by 'likes' and 'owns'?
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Which statement about the roots of American peoples is accurate?
Which statement about the roots of American peoples is accurate?
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What is the main purpose of converting facts into predicates?
What is the main purpose of converting facts into predicates?
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What religious affiliation is common among the peoples from North African countries?
What religious affiliation is common among the peoples from North African countries?
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What is the commonality between the roots of the North African and Gulf peoples?
What is the commonality between the roots of the North African and Gulf peoples?
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the origins of Gulf peoples?
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the origins of Gulf peoples?
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What is the result of the comparison 1 + 2 = 2 + 1 in PROLOG?
What is the result of the comparison 1 + 2 = 2 + 1 in PROLOG?
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In the statement 1 + A = B + 2, if A = 2, what is the value of B?
In the statement 1 + A = B + 2, if A = 2, what is the value of B?
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What does the comparison operator =
ot equal (=ackslash=) check for?
What does the comparison operator = ot equal (=ackslash=) check for?
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To check if a year is a leap year in PROLOG, which of the following conditions is typically checked?
To check if a year is a leap year in PROLOG, which of the following conditions is typically checked?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a true statement in PROLOG?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a true statement in PROLOG?
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What is a FACT in PROLOG?
What is a FACT in PROLOG?
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Which of the following can be constructed in PROLOG?
Which of the following can be constructed in PROLOG?
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In the context of PROLOG, what is a RULE?
In the context of PROLOG, what is a RULE?
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How does PROLOG handle ARITHMETIC OPERATORS?
How does PROLOG handle ARITHMETIC OPERATORS?
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Which statement is incorrect about QUERIES in PROLOG?
Which statement is incorrect about QUERIES in PROLOG?
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Which of the following statements is true based on the comparisons provided?
Which of the following statements is true based on the comparisons provided?
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Which animal is the smallest based on the provided information?
Which animal is the smallest based on the provided information?
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If X is bigger than Y and Y is bigger than Z, which of the following is NOT a valid conclusion?
If X is bigger than Y and Y is bigger than Z, which of the following is NOT a valid conclusion?
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Which statement correctly represents the relationships among horse, donkey, and monkey?
Which statement correctly represents the relationships among horse, donkey, and monkey?
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Which of the following best summarizes the relationships established by the comparisons?
Which of the following best summarizes the relationships established by the comparisons?
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What defines the people described in the content?
What defines the people described in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the people described?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the people described?
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What approach do the people use to address various issues?
What approach do the people use to address various issues?
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Which of the following statements about the people is true?
Which of the following statements about the people is true?
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Which aspect emphasizes the nature of the problems these individuals solve?
Which aspect emphasizes the nature of the problems these individuals solve?
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Study Notes
Introduction to PROLOG Programming (LAB 2)
- PROLOG programming involves representing facts, rules, and queries.
- Constants and variables are used.
- Facts, rules, and queries are used to solve problems.
- Operators (arithmetic and comparison) are part of PROLOG.
Representing Facts, Rules, and Queries
- PROLOG programs consist of facts, rules, and queries.
- Facts are statements that are asserted to be true.
- Rules allow for the inference of new knowledge from existing facts and rules.
- Queries are questions to be answered based on facts and rules.
Constants & Variables
- Constants are names that begin with lowercase letters.
- Names of relationships are constants.
- Variables take the place of constants in facts.
- Variables begin with uppercase letters.
Solving Problems using Facts and Rules
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Example using facts to represent information about likes and ownership.
- Hind likes mango
- Fatima is a girl.
- Rose is red.
- Mohammed likes fish.
- Gamal owns gold.
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Representing facts as predicates:
- likes(hind, mango).
- girl(fatima).
- red(rose).
- likes(mohammed, fish).
- owns(gamal, gold).
Representing Relationships
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Facts and predicates are used to represent relationships. Country examples:
- Sudan is a north African country.
- Egypt is a north African country.
- USA is a north American country.
- KSA is a Gulf country.
- Qatar is a Gulf country.
- France is European country.
- Pakistan is Asian country.
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Additional country examples include India, Canada, and relationships of north african roots, Gulf roots, & American roots using predicates.
Tests within Clauses
- When asking a question in PROLOG, the interpreter aims to prove the statement's truth.
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trueindicates the statement can be proven. -
falsemeans the proof failed because the statement isn't true or the program is flawed. -
Errorindicates a problem with the question or program. -
*nothing*signifies an infinite loop.
Arithmetic Operators
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Operators like +, -, *, /, ^ (power), and mod (modulus) are used for various arithmetic operations within PROLOG.
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Example using arithmetic operators in a program:
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calc :- X is 100 + 200, write('100 + 200 is'), write(X), nl…
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Comparison Operators
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Operators like >, <, >=, <=, =:= (equal), and == (not equal) are used for comparisons in PROLOG.
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Example using comparison operators:
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?- 1+2=:=2+1.(evaluates to true) -
?- 1+2=2+1.(evaluates to false)
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Example of creating a leap year checker in PROLOG:
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leap_check(Year) :- Year mod 4 =:= 0, Year mod 100 =:= 0, Year mod 400 =:= 0.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of PROLOG programming, focusing on the representation of facts, rules, and queries. It includes topics such as constants, variables, and problem-solving using PROLOG. Test your understanding of these essential components in this interactive quiz.
